AP Psychology (Intelligence)

intelligence quotient; created by Lewis Terman based off of Binet's concept of mental age; numerical value given to intelligence that is determined from the scores on an intelligence test; average score is 100; MA/CA X 100 = IQ

Enlargement of the cranium caused by abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the cerebral system, tends to cause bulging eyes and most prominently mental retardation.

The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

intelligence tests administered by one examiner to many people at one time

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.

the actual age of the child taking the intelligence test

French psychologist who wanted to identify French schoolchildren needing special attention; devised 'mental age'

Standford Professor who revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children; tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show that high IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful things in life

The student's skills where he is aware of whether or not his mind is engaged when he is reading, whether or not he understands what is being read, and what further strategies he needs to employ to gain meaning from the page.

A component of Sternberg's Triarchic theory; AKA creative intelligence; refers to the ability to adjust to new tasks, use new concepts, combine information in novel ways, respond effectively in new situations, gain insight and adapt creatively.

Proposed the triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: compnential, experiential, and contextual

Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence that suggests that there are three aspects to intelligence: componential (e.g., performance on tests), experiential (creativity) and contextual (street smarts/business sense).

the speed at which elementary information-processing tasks (such as reaction-time tests) can be carried out. This speed improves as children grow older.

Is usually mild and lacks an obvious genetic or environmental cause; it results from a complex interaction between heredity and environment

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Psychologist who found that behavior conflicts with cognition.1934, conducted an early study that illustrated the difference between attitudes and behaviors.A classic study of attitude-behavior consistency: This man toured the United States in 1934 with a Chinese couple, stopping at hotels and restaurants along the way. They were refused service at only one establishment. However, 92% of the institutions later said in a letter that they would refuse to accept Chinese people as guests. Hotel employees may have biases based on secondhand information. When they see them up close, their biases go away. Social norm: you don't want to look bad in front of a caucasian person.

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

people's tendency to think that when someone does something nice for them, they ought to do something nice in return

Swiss psychologist who says children's cognitive development depends on their ability to organize, classify, and to adapt to their environments

recognition that things continue to exist even though hidden from sight; infants generally gain this after 3 to 7 months of age (Piaget)

He published the first high-quality IQ test designed for adults -Weschler-Adult Intelligence Scale -made test less dependent on verbal ability -formalized the computation of separate scores for verbal IQ, performance( nonverbal), and full scale IQ -new scoring scheme based on normal distribution

Term used to describe the steady and consistent rise in IQ test performance over time (approximately 3 points per decade) . Thought to be caused mostly by the environment. Because of this, IQ tests are periodically "renormed"

One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

an english psychologist, known for his work in statistics,he argued that intelligence can be expressed by a single factor. He used factor analysis, a statistical technique that takes multiple items and meshes them into one number, to show that intelligence can be a single number he simply called g (generalized intelligence)

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Harvard researcher that has identified at least eight types of intelligences: linguistic, logical/mathematical, bodily/kinesthetic, musical, spatial (visual), interpersonal (the ability to understand others), intrapersonal (the ability to understand oneself), and naturalist (the ability to recognize fine distinctions and patterns in the natural world).

The sensitivity to words and their connotations. The ability to influence others and manipulate.

The ability to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically. Most often associated with scientific and mathematical thinking

The ability to read, understand, and compose musical pitches, tones, and rhythms. Auditory functions are required for a person to develop this intelligence for pitch and tone, but it is not needed for the knowledge of rhythm

control of one's bodily motions and capacity to handle objects skillfully

The ability to use images that represent spatial relations (for example, imagining whether a new sofa will fit in your living room)

The ability to apprehend the feelings and intentions of others.

The ability to understand one's own feelings and motivations.

measured by presentation of specific tasks that measure general and specific abilities

involves self-understanding, interpersonal sexual skills, scientific knowledge, and consideration of the cultural context of sexuality.

Component of Sternberg's Triarchic theory; AKA creative intelligence; refers to the ability to adjust to new tasks, use new concepts, combine information in novel ways, respond effectively in new situations, gain insight and adapt creatively.

According to Sternberg, the ability measured by most IQ tests; includes the ability to analyze problems and find correct answers. (book smart)

according to Sternberg, the ability to cope with the environment; sometimes called "street smarts"

Thought of Emotional Intelligence : able to manage own emotions, is capable of self-motivation and self direction, recognizes emotions in others, and is able to handle various types of relationships.

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions, involves Gardner's interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence and also known as EQ. (David Goleman). Studies actually show that having a higher EQ IS BETTER THAN HAVING A HIGHER Iq (at least in terms of money)

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

method examines how well people's scores from 2 different testing occasions are correlated

A method of showing a test's reliability; involves dividing the test into halves

In psychometrics, a methematical formula that predicts the degree to which the reliability of a test can be improved by adding more items. The longer the test the more reliable it is .

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.

Form of validity where a researcher determines if the measure appears to be measuring the appropriate construct by examining the specific questions.

Tests that measure the general ability or capacity to learn or acquire a new skill.

Tests that gauge a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects. (AP, ACT, SAT)

Timed test; difficulty is more in how quickly questions can be answered than in the content.

Tests where people are given significant amounts of time to finish the work, but the questions become increasingly more difficult.

Tests administered to a single person at a time; interaction between the examiner and examinee is great. (Rorschach inkblot test)

A psychoanalyst psychologist who developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot test which consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story, the observer then derives aspects of the personality from the subject's commentary

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score(Spearman)

Condition in which the head is unusually small as a result of defective brain development( 2 Standard Deviations below the Mean) premature ossification of the skull

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone during growth years, characterized by a low metabolic rate, retarded growth and sexual development, and possible mental retardation. Adult years: weight gain, loss of hair, and myxedema.

A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup (21)

Mental retardation because of some identifiable biological cause associated with hereditary factors, diseases, or injuries. Contrast with cultural-familial retardation.

the study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (especially as applied to human mating)

A human metabolic disease caused by a mutation in a gene coding for a phenylalanine processing enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase), which leads to accumulation of phenylalanine and mental retardation if not treated; inherited as an autosomal recessive phenotype.

A person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing