Lifespan Chapter 15

1. At what age level do most people become aware of the changes in their bodies related to the aging process? a) early adulthood b) middle adulthood c) late adulthood d) central adulthood

2. In which of the following cultures do physical changes take on a particularly high level of significance during middle adulthood? a) Latino b) Eastern c) Asian d) Western

3. Which of the following is a reason why physical appearance plays a significant role in how women see themselves? a) workforce b) college c) family role model d) societal pressures

4. At what age does the "settling" process generally begin with regard to height? a) 35 b) 45 c) 55 d) 65

5. George is experiencing back pain. His doctor tells him the bones attached to his spinal column have become less dense. The doctor is referring to the a) aging process. b) settling process. c) physical decline process. d) bone density decline.

6. Sue's bones have become brittle, fragile, and thin. Her doctor tells her she has a) osteoporosis. b) presbyopia. c) cancer. d) arthritis.

7. Men and women can reduce the risk of osteoporosis by having a diet high in calcium and a) drinking no caffeine. b) eating vegetables. c) getting enough sleep. d) getting regular exercise.

8. John has been gaining weight during middle adulthood. He feels fine and exercises, but still gains weight. John's weight gain is attributed to a) the amount of body fat that begins to increase with age. b) hypertension. c) the body not being able to rid itself of excess fat cells. d) emotional issues.

9. Which of the following plays a major factor in reducing and preventing weight gain during middle adulthood? a) vitamins b) fat-free diet c) lifestyle choices d) less caffeine

10. Changes in a person's height and weight during middle adulthood are accompanied by a decline in a) strength. b) skin pigmentation. c) cognitive ability. d) security.

11. In which parts of the body would Sam likely lose strength during middle adulthood? a) back and leg muscles b) hamstrings c) hands and arms d) torso

12. By what age have most people lost, on average, 10% of their maximum strength? a) 55 b) 60 c) 65 d) 70

13. By age 60, what percent of strength is lost in most people? a) 5% b) 10% c) 15% d) 20%

14. Which of the following has become a stereotypical emblem of middle adulthood? a) living will b) impotence c) reading glasses d) cane

15. José is beginning to lose the ability to detect fine spatial detail in close and distant objects. Which of the following terms refers to his condition? a) loss of visual acuity b) presbyopia c) glaucoma d) presbycusis

16. At which age does visual acuity begin to decline? a) 40 b) 45 c) 50 d) 55

17. The loss of near vision in middle adulthood is referred to as a) visual acuity. b) presbycusis. c) glaucoma. d) presbyopia.

18. Tomasina finds herself holding books and newspapers further from her eyes in order to read and bring material into focus. Her eye exam reveals she has a) farsightedness. b) visual acuity problems. c) presbyopia. d) mysbyopia.

19. Which of the following makes it more difficult for people in middle adulthood to navigate a dark room? a) decline in distance perception b) loss of depth perception c) loss of elasticity in the lens d) decreased fluid in the eye

20. Which of the following is a change in vision that occurs during middle adulthood? a) improved depth perception b) decline in distance perception c) presbyopia lessens d) ability to view items in two dimensions

21. Which of the following is one of the most frequent causes of eye problems that can result in blindness in middle adulthood? a) presbyopia b) glaucoma c) myopia d) presbycusis

22. Emanuel is told the pressure in his eyes has increased and cannot drain properly. Emanuel has a) glaucoma. b) myopia. c) presbyopia. d) presbycusis.

23. Which of the following groups is particularly susceptible to glaucoma? a) Asian Americans b) Latino Americans c) African Americans d) Hispanic Americans

24. The loss of ability to hear high-pitched, high-frequency sounds is known as a) presbycusis. b) hearing detention. c) hearing manifestation. d) myopia.

25. At what age do most men begin experiencing hearing loss? a) 40 b) 45 c) 50 d) 55

26. What percent of men between the ages of 45 and 65 suffer from presbycusis? a) 10% b) 12% c) 14% d) 16%

27. Holiday has difficulty hearing but also has a problem identifying the direction and origin of a sound. Holiday is experiencing difficulty with a) presbycusis. b) hearing loss. c) sound frontation. d) sound localization.

28. Which of the following is a reason why middle-age adults are involved in fewer automobile accidents than younger people? a) Middle-aged people are less careful and take more risks. b) Middle-aged people have more practice and skills driving. c) The slowing of reaction time helps them avoid an accident. d) Middle-aged people have better insurance coverage, so they take more risks.

29. Which of the following is a sexual problem facing men during middle adulthood? a) less time to achieve an erection b) endurance decreases c) volume of fluid ejaculated increases d) testosterone declines

30. At what age do women enter a period known as the climacteric? a) 35 b) 40 c) 45 d) 50

31. The cessation of menstruation is known as a) climacteric. b) "hot flashes." c) progesterone. d) menopause.

32. Which of the following is important with regard to menopause? a) Menopause marks the point at which traditional pregnancy is not possible. b) Sexuality declines at a rapid rate. c) The production of estrogen begins to rise. d) The production of progesterone increases, producing a variety of hormone-related age changes.

33. Joan is 45 years old and feels hot. She gets red, begins to sweat, and then she feels chills. The symptom Joan is experiencing is a) "hot flashes." b) perimenopause. c) menopause. d) climacteric.

34. Which of the following is a common symptom of menopause? a) increased appetite b) heart palpitations c) fainting d) severe menstrual bleeding

35. What percent of women experience no significant symptoms of menopause? a) 40% b) 45% c) 50% d) 55%

36. What percent of women experience severe distress during menopause? a) 10% b) 15% c) 20% d) 25%

37. Dr. Johnson is lecturing a group of medical students. Her lecture focuses on the period beginning around 10 years prior to menopause, when hormone production begins to change. She is discussing a) premenopause. b) hormone reduction. c) climacteric. d) perimenopause.

38. How do most researchers today view menopause? a) It produces mood disorders. b) It is regarded as a normal part of the aging cycle. c) It is responsible for increased anxiety attacks. d) It produces severe irritability.

39. For men, the period of physical and psychological change in the reproductive system is referred to as a) male climacteric. b) testosterone lowering. c) male menopause. d) impotence.

40. At what age do men typically experience climacteric? a) 30s b) 40s c) 50s d) 60s

41. A physical change that occurs frequently in men during climacteric is a) heart problems. b) pulmonary difficulties. c) enlargement of the prostate gland. d) hypertension.

42. Pedro is 51 years old and has been experiencing symptoms of male climacteric. His physician does a complete physical examination, and it is discovered he has a typically low level of testosterone. For Pedro, his physician may recommend a) rest and reduced stress levels. b) exercise and diet. c) Cialis or Levitra. d) testosterone replacement therapy.

43. Surveys indicate most adults in middle adulthood are afraid or "very afraid" of having a) cancer. b) diabetes. c) heart problems. d) psychological problems.

44. Certain chronic illnesses begin to appear during middle adulthood. Which of the following would be considered a chronic illness typically occurring during this time? a) irritable bowel syndrome b) diabetes c) atrial fibrillation d) fibromyalgia

45. The "silent killer" refers to a) alcoholism. b) drug addiction. c) strokes. d) hypertension.

46. Which disorder tends to appear during middle adulthood? a) hypertension b) asthma c) urinary problems d) allergies

47. Since chronic illnesses begin to appear during middle adulthood, the death rate during this period a) is stable. b) is about the same. c) decreases. d) increases.

48. Which of the following are experts in studying the relationships among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors? a) psychologists b) medical practitioners c) pharmacologists d) psychoneuroimmunologists

49. Which of the following are major consequences produced by stress? a) indirect health-related behaviors b) decreased blood pressure c) increased sleep d) decreased circulating hormones

50. Research indicates that stress can produce direct physiological effects, such as a) elevated blood pressure. b) psychological disorders. c) decreased hormonal activity. d) increase in immune system functioning.

51. Research indicates that stress can produce indirect health-related behaviors, such as a) increased and habitual risk-taking behaviors. b) increased compliance with medical advice. c) increased delays in seeking medical care. d) increased likelihood of seeking medical advice.

52. Along with genetic characteristics, which of the following is considered a contributor to heart and circulatory disease? a) cigarette smoking b) intellectual ability c) excessive exercise d) diet low in fats and cholesterol

53. Which country has the lowest rate of heart and coronary disease? a) Argentina b) Poland c) United States d) Japan

54. Behavior that is categorized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility is called a) Type B behavior pattern. b) psychological imbalance. c) Type A behavior pattern. d) polyphasic activities.

55. Behavior characterized by noncompetitiveness, patience, and a lack of aggression is called a) Type B behavior pattern. b) psychological imbalance. c) Type A behavior pattern. d) polyphasic activities.

56. When a person carries out multiple activities simultaneously, this is called a) Type B behavior pattern. b) psychological imbalance. c) Type A behavior pattern. d) polyphasic activities.

57. Which of the following would be considered an environmental and behavioral factor related to cancer? a) smoking b) sexual activity c) working night shifts d) family history of cancer

58. Which of the following is cited by your textbook as an acceptable treatment for cancer? a) hypnotherapy b) chemotherapy c) holistic therapy d) homeopathic remedies

59. Marion is 40 years old. According to the American Cancer Society and the American College of Radiology, she should start having mammograms a) every year. b) every other year. c) every 5 years. d) after age 50.

60. What was the proposal of the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force regarding routine mammograms? a) Women in their 40s should not routinely have mammograms, and that women between the ages of 50 and 74 should have mammograms every two years. b) Mammograms should be based on symptoms in consultation with their physician. c) Women between the ages of 50 and 74 should have mammograms annually. d) Health care coverage should be reviewed to make the initial determination.

61. What is a likely explanation for the results from cross-sectional studies showing that older people are less likely to score as well as younger subjects on traditional intelligence tests? a) improper administration of testing b) cohort effects c) testing bias d) improper test design

62. Based upon longitudinal studies, a different developmental pattern for intelligence was revealed that showed a) some adults showed fairly stable intelligence until the mid-20s. b) some adults showed increasing intelligence test scores until the mid-50s. c) some adults showed increasing intelligence test scores in some cases up to the mid-70s. d) adults' intelligence significantly slowed around their mid-30s.

63. Intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory is called a) crystallized intelligence. b) verbal intelligence. c) fluid intelligence. d) perceptual intelligence.

64. Intelligence that represents the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations is called a) crystallized intelligence. b) verbal intelligence. c) fluid intelligence. d) perceptual intelligence.

65. When developmentalists looked at the two kinds of intelligence, fluid and crystallized, to determine if intelligence continues to grow, slow, or decline with age, they determined that a) fluid intelligence does decline: however, crystallized intelligence holds steady and can improve. b) crystallized intelligence does decline; however, fluid intelligence holds steady and can improve. c) both fluid and crystallized intelligence decline with age. d) both fluid and crystallized intelligence improve with age.;

66. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, inductive reasoning, spatial orientation, perceptual speed, and verbal memory begin to decline very gradually around age a) 50. b) 30. c) 25. d) 40.

67. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, numeric ability tends to increase until the a) mid-50s, is lower at age 60, and then stays steady. b) mid-40s, is lower at age 60, and then stays steady. c) mid-30s, is lower at age 60, and then stays steady. d) mid-20s, is lower at age 60, and then stays steady.

68. According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, verbal ability rises until about the start of the _______ and stays fairly steady throughout life. a) 50s b) 30s c) 60s d) 40s

69. One reason why brain functioning begins to change in middle adulthood is that a) middle-aged adults do not take good care of themselves, and it affects the health of their brains. b) middle-aged adults carry greater loads of stress, which adversely affects their health. c) researchers have found that 20 genes that are vital to learning, memory, and mental flexibility begin to function less efficiently as early as age 40. d) middle-aged adults are too busy to participate in mental learning and activities to maintain mental flexibility.

70. The process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas is called a) expertise. b) sensory memory. c) long-term memory. d) selective optimization.

71. Alice is a 52-year-old typist working in the same law firm as 28-year-old Juliet. Both are considered excellent at their jobs, even though Alice is older and has some delay in her reaction time. What is it that permits Alice to perform her job the same as Juliet? a) Alice is given less arduous work to complete, while Juliet receives more challenging assignments. b) Juliet lacks experience and understanding of the complex material. c) Alice has developed selective optimization, whereby she can look further into the material to compensate for her typing time. d) Alice has greater verbal skills development than Juliet.

72. The acquisition of skill or knowledge in a particular area is called a) expertise. b) sensory memory. c) long-term memory. d) selective optimization.

73. When Walter devotes attention and practice to completing tax returns, and has gained experience in that area, he is demonstrating a) expertise. b) sensory memory. c) long-term memory. d) selective optimization.

74. Which of the following affects whether or not a person develops expertise? a) professional responsibilities b) gender c) genetic proclivity d) discrimination

75. Which of the following is true regarding memory loss in middle-aged people? a) All middle-aged people can expect to experience significant memory loss. b) Middle-aged people may attribute absent-mindedness to aging, even though they have actually been absent-minded most of their lives. c) All middle-aged people will experience some memory loss starting in their 40s, with memory loss stabilizing around 70. d) Middle-aged people have memory loss for different things.

76. Memory is traditionally viewed in terms of three sequential components, including which of the following? a) autobiographical memory b) sequential memory c) sensory memory d) muscle memory

77. The initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant, and is raw and meaningless, is called a) short-term memory. b) sequential memory. c) sensory memory. d) long-term memory.

78. When information in memory is held for 15 to 25 seconds, it is called a) short-term memory. b) sequential memory. c) sensory memory. d) long-term memory.

79. When information in memory is rehearsed and stored on a relatively permanent basis, it is called a) short-term memory. b) sequential memory. c) sensory memory. d) long-term memory.

80. Mary looks at the phone number of her favorite pizza restaurant for a few seconds, and then walks into the other room to call to order. Mary remembers the phone number in its correct sequence. Mary is taking advantage of a) short-term memory. b) sequential memory. c) sensory memory. d) long-term memory.

81. Rasheed is memorizing his math multiplication tables by using flash cards. He does this frequently enough that eventually he does not need the visual stimulation of the cards to remember his multiplication tables for a test. Rasheed is then taking advantage of a) short-term memory. b) sequential memory. c) sensory memory. d) long-term memory.

82. Which of the following memory skills show decline in middle age? a) long-term memory and sensory memory b) sensory memory and short-term memory c) short-term memory only d) long-term memory only

83. Which of the following is the best explanation why some middle-age people have some long-term memory loss? a) Middle-aged people have too much information stored: therefore, it is difficult to keep it all in long-term memory. b) Middle-aged people have too much stress in their lives, which impedes their ability to use their long-term memory capacity. c) Middle-aged people have less efficient retrieval skills for finding and retrieving information, even if the information was adequately stored in long-term memory. d) Middle-aged people's learning genes begin to deteriorate, which leads to long-term memory loss.;

84. What primary thing can middle-aged people do to improve their memory that takes relatively little effort? a) change routines often b) create elaborate rituals and routines c) pay greater attention to particular things d) write everything down

85. What organized bodies of information are stored in memory that help people represent the way the world is organized and allow them to categorize and interpret new information? a) long-term memory b) encoded memory c) short-term memory d) schemas

86. If Larry is taught new information about an elephant, which is a large animal, he will benefit from using ___________ about other large animals to store that new information so he can retrieve that information when he needs it. a) long-term memories b) schemas c) short-term memories d) sensory memories

87. What is the term for formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it more likely to be remembered? a) long-term memory b) schemas c) mnemonics d) short-term memory

88. What is the term for the strategy where people are most likely to recall information in environments that are similar to those in which they initially learned it? a) schemas b) encoding specificity phenomenon c) visualization d) rehearsal

89. Using memory skills such as getting better organized, paying attention, using visualization strategies, and rehearsing information for later retrieval, are all considered a) long-term memory strategies. b) short-term memory strategies. c) schema strategies. d) mnemonic strategies.