AP Psych 7B + Chapter 11

Refers to our written, spoken or signed words and the way we combine and communicate them

Phonemes

Smallest distinctive sound unit. Ex: bat (buh-ah-t)

Changes in meaning

Have trouble with the phonemes of another language

Has Phonemes like building blocks

The second building block of language, smallest unit that carries meaning

System of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others, different dialects for different people

The rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences In a given language

Our rules for combining words into gramatically sensible sentences in a given language

During infancy, we are born without speech

Can discriminate between speech sounds and can read lips + enter the babbling stage

Comprehend speech

Produce speech

Child speaks in single words

The timing varies

Child starts speaking in 2 word sentences

There is no universal consensus in the psychology community

Through reinforcement

Believed we were pre wired for understanding and comprehending language. Humans were born with language acquisition device. Children of the same age made the same grammar mistakes.

Children who do not have access to language have trouble learning it later on

Concluded that language determines the way we think called linguist determinism

Think differently when they speak different languages

Refers to the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

we determine ones IQ by an intelligence test. its a numerical ranking

helped to develop Factor Analysis, believed we had one general intelligence

general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities your G is being measured on an intelligence test he also said because of general intelligence you're gonna do well on all parts of the test

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters or related items aka factors on a test

He proposed the theory of multiple intelligences Intelligence is made up of multiple abilities that come in packages you can excel in different areas and different things

a condition in which a person with limited mental ability has an exceptional skill

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language/written language/spoken language aka writers, poets, speakers etc.

the capacity to analyze the problems logically and carry out mathematical operations

music related aka someone who has skills in musical patterns, performance and or composition

great spatial intelligence aka an interior designer or an artist

athletes or dancers. understand how to use their whole body or even parts of their body to solve a problems

person to person effectiveness. jobs like teachers, leaders, counselors

yourself. a good understanding of your feeling or motivations. you get yourself.

Introduced Triarchic theory of intelligence

Intelligence is composed of 3 components, analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence, many scientists believe 1+2 not 3

academic problem solving

they are able to react to novel situations. adapt to situations. able to generate novel ideas aka think outside the box

street smarts/common sense stuff required for every day tasks practical intelligence is arguably more important than analytical

Proposed the idea of social intelligence

understanding social situations and manages yourself successfully the key aspect of social intelligence is emotional intelligence the ability to perceive, manage, understand and to use emotions

designed the first intelligence test called the Binet-Simon scale

this consisted of 30 tests that were arranged in order of increasing difficulty you would administer the child the test and they would be keep going until they could no longer answer any questions Binet and Simon were operating under the assumption that all children follow the same course of intellectual intelligence. which they do! but not at the same pace. this scale was designed to calculate each child's mental age

mental age is talking about how a child's chronological age corresponds to a given level of performance in issuing this to the children, they were able to accurately predict how french kids would do in school

interact with the world of nature

professor at Stanford when he was trying to administer the kids to California, the age norms and questions didn't work his revision is known as the Stanford-Binet, this led to the development of the IQ he felt very strongly in testing everyones intelligence he believed if you gave everyone intelligence tests and saw the feeble minded, we could stop them from procreating

dividing a persons mental age, by their chronological age and multiplied by 100 the only problem is this scoring works well for children but not at all for adults 85-115 is the standard deviation of scoring

Achievement tests, aptitude tests, WAIS

these are designed to measure what a person has learned aka ACT

measures how well you will do in college aka SAT

most widely used intelligence test in its fourth additions made up of 11 different tests broken up to verbal and performance when you take it and get scored you have an overall intelligence score and separate score

the version for children is the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

people are essentially getting smarter

Reliability, validity, tests must be standardized

meaningful scores are defined by comparing the performance with a pre tested group you should get a bell curve if the test is properly standardized

the test yields consistent results assessed by observing the consistency of scores on two halves or by retesting the higher the correlation, the higher the reliability want something thats close to 1

the extent that to which a test measures or predicts what its supposed to tests could have content validity- which is the extent to which a test samples the behavior of interest

how successful a test is at predicting the behavior it is designed to predict

By the age of 7, scores on intelligence tests basically stabilize Intelligence remains stable throughout ones lifetime

Fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence

our accumulation of knowledge and verbal skills increases with age

our ability to reason quickly and abstractly this will decrease as we age this will be noticeable in late adulthood decreases up to the age of 75, then will decrease more rapid

The low extreme, the high extreme

anyone on the low extreme of intelligence would be someone who scores 70 or below on an intelligence test

anyone with this disability has a limited mental ability it is indicated by their score on an intelligence test they also have difficulty of adapting to the demands of life a parent has to diagnose this person with an intellectual disability before the age of 18

condition where the person has a mild or severe intellectual disability and there are associated physical disorders, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

intellectually gifted possibility of being mal adjusted difficulty adjusting to society

Genetics and environment, genetics more so. Look at identical twins for this.