ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt; a concept, not a thing
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intelligence test
answer
assesses mental abilities and compares with others
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(Spearman) general intelligence (g)
answer
common skill set that underlies all intelligent behavior; distinct abilities tend to cluster and correlate; correlates w/novel problem (ie. math problem) but NOT w/evolutionary situation (ie. forming relationships)
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factor analysis
answer
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related factors (different dimensions that underlie a person's total score)
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Thurstone's primary mental abilities
answer
tendency to excel in one cluster generally score well on others; word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory
intelligence is multiple abilities in different packages; bodily kinesthetic, musical, spatial, logical mathematical, linguistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
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Savant Syndrome
answer
person (usually male, usually w/autism) that has exceptional specific skill but otherwise limited in their mental abilities
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Sternberg's Three Intelligences (triarchic theory)
answer
analytical, creative, and practical
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analytical intelligence (Sternberg)
answer
(academic problem-solving) assessed by intelligence tests with single right answer; predict school grades and vocational success well
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creative intelligence (Sternberg)
answer
reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas
question
practical intelligence (Sternberg)
answer
everyday tasks with multiple solutions; ie. managerial tasks such as delegating, motivating, reading people, writing effective memos, etc.
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Emotional Intelligence
answer
ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions; accept delayed gratification; Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso
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social intelligence
answer
successfully comprehending social situations; Thorndike
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Brain Size and Complexity
answer
bigger is better! having ample gray and white matter (neural cell bodies and axons) = most efficient communication between brain centers
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Binet's Mental Age
answer
level of performance associated with a certain chronological age; helped identify schoolchildren needing special attention
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achievement tests
answer
reflect what you have learned
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aptitude tests
answer
predict your ability to learn a new skill
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WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
answer
most used intelligence test; verbal and performance (nonverbal) tests; also WISC for children
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Reliability
answer
extent to which test yields consistent scores; check reliability by retesting (correlation=reliable)
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Validity
answer
extent to which a test predicts/measures what it is supposed to
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content validity
answer
extent to which test covers pertinent criterion
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predictive validity
answer
extent to which test predicts criterion of future performance; gets less power as students get older; lower range=lower predictive power
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Using an inaccurate tape measure is ____ validity and ____ reliability
answer
high reliability (at least it's consistent) and low validity
question
Aging and Intelligence Phase 1: Cross-Sectional Evidence for Intellectual Decline
answer
decline of mental ability with age
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Aging and Intelligence Phase 2: Longitudinal Evidence for Intellectual Stability
answer
intelligence remained stable until later in life and sometimes even increased
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cohort
answer
group of people from given time period
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Aging and Intelligence Phase 3: It All Depends
answer
studies testing intelligence in different ways produce different results; ie. speed of thinking = disadvantage to old people, but life and general knowledge gives them advantage over youngins
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crystallized intelligence
answer
accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases with age
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fluid intelligence
answer
reasoning speedily and abstractly; decreases with age
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The High Extreme of Intelligence (Giftedness)
answer
Terman's studies revealed gifted kids thrive; critics say separating gifted kids makes self-fulfilling prophecy
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Twin and Adoption Studies
answer
shared mental abilities and talents; as if one of them took test twice; similar white and gray matter volume and show similar activity
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Heritability
answer
extent to which intelligence test score variation can be attributed to genetic variation (range from 50-80%)
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Early Environmental Influences
answer
neglect or poor environmental conditions = delayed cognitive development; Hunt's tutored human enrichment program = dramatic results; BUT there is no way to fast-forward development (ie Baby Einstein study showed no difference)
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Gender Similarities and Differences in Intelligence
answer
g variable similar; distinct abilities differ (ie. girls better at verbal ability, locating objects, detecting emotion, more sensitive; boys better at spatial ability, complex math problems); boys are more likely to be on high extreme AND on low extreme (ie more boys in special ed and scoring high on SAT) but avg. score between boys and girls is similar
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Ethnic Similarities and Differences
answer
culture and environment more influential to intelligence than genes
self-confirming concern that you'll be evaluated based on a stereotype; ie. reminded of being minority race right before test produced worse scores
question
Joni claims that she is intellectually gifted because she "possesses" an IQ of 145. She is most clearly committing the error known as
heritability
the Flynn effect
reification
stereotype threat
answer
reification
Joni claims that she is intellectually gifted because she "possesses" an IQ of 145. She is most clearly committing the error known as reification.
question
Who would have been most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an individual's mental capacities?
Thurstone.
Spearman.
Gardner.
Sternberg.
answer
Spearman
Who would have been most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an individual's mental capacities?
Spearman
question
Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and ________ intelligence.
intrapersonal.
creative.
spatial.
musical.
answer
creative.
Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and creative intelligence.
question
When Professor McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Professor McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates
analytical intelligence.
divergent thinking.
emotional intelligence.
factor analysis.
answer
emotional intelligence.
When Professor McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Professor McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates emotional intelligence.
question
Postmortem brain analyses reveal that highly educated people have ________ when they die than do their less educated counterparts.
less neural plasticity.
more synapses.
less gray matter.
more reification.
answer
more synapses.
Postmortem brain analyses reveal that highly educated people have more synapses when they die than do their less educated counterparts.
question
Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to
-provide a quantitative estimate of inherited intellectual potential.
-distinguish between academic and practical intelligence.
-identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes.
-assess general capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior.
answer
-identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes
Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes.
question
The eugenics movement would have been most likely to encourage
-selective breeding of highly intelligent people
-creation of special education programs for intellectually inferior children.
-construction of culturally and racially unbiased tests of intelligence.
-use of factor analysis for identification of various types of intelligence.
answer
selective breeding of highly intelligent people
The eugenics movement would have been most likely to encourage selective breeding of highly intelligent people.
question
In the early twentieth century, the U.S. government developed intelligence tests to evaluate newly arriving immigrants. Poor test scores among immigrants who were not of Anglo-Saxon heritage were attributed by some psychologists of that day to
stereoype threat.
innate mental inferiority.
savant syndrome.
divergent thinking.
answer
innate mental inferiority.
In the early twentieth century, the U.S. government developed intelligence tests to evaluate newly arriving immigrants. Poor test scores among immigrants who were not of Anglo-Saxon heritage were attributed by some psychologists of that day to innate mental inferiority.
question
A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ________ level of reliability and a ________ level of validity.
low; low
low; high
high; low
high; high
answer
high; low
A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a high level of reliability and a low level of validity.
question
"Gifted child" programs can lead to ______ by implicitly labeling some students as "ungifted" and isolating them from an enriched educational environment.
divergent thinking.
the Flynn effect.
factor analysis.
self-fulfilling prophecies.
answer
self-fulfilling prophecies.
"Gifted child" programs can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies by implicitly labeling some students as "ungifted" and isolating them from an enriched educational environment.
question
Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by heredity?
-Japanese children have higher average intelligence scores than do American children.
-Fraternal twins are more similar in their intelligence scores than are ordinary siblings.
-The intelligence scores of children are positively correlated with the intelligence scores of their parents.
-Identical twins reared separately are more similar in their intelligence scores than fraternal twins reared together.
answer
Identical twins reared separately are more similar in their intelligence scores than fraternal twins reared together.
Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by heredity?
Identical twins reared separately are more similar in their intelligence scores than fraternal twins reared together.
question
With increasing age, adopted children's intelligence test scores become ________ positively correlated with their adoptive parents' scores and ________ positively correlated with their biological parent's scores.
more; more
less; more
more; less
less; less
answer
less; more
With increasing age, adopted children's intelligence test scores become less positively correlated with their adoptive parents' scores and more positively correlated with their biological parent's scores.
question
Boys outnumber girls at the ________ levels of verbal fluency and at the ________ levels of mathematical problem-solving ability.
high; low
low; low
low; high
high; high
answer
low; high
Boys outnumber girls at the low levels of verbal fluency and at the high levels of mathematical problem-solving ability.
question
Disproportionately more Whites than Blacks would be admitted into American colleges if performance scores on ________ were the only basis for college admissions.
the Stanford-Binet
the WAIS
the SAT
all of these tests
answer
all of these tests
all of these tests
Disproportionately more Whites than Blacks would be admitted into American colleges if performance scores on the Stanford-Binet, the WAIS, and the SAT were the only basis for college admissions.
question
When completing a verbal aptitude test, members of an ethnic minority group are particularly likely to perform below their true ability levels if they believe that the test
-is a measure of emotional intelligence as well as academic intelligence.
-assesses their interests as well as their abilities.
-is biased against members of their own ethnic group.
-results in a distribution of scores that forms a bell-shaped curve.
answer
is biased against members of their own ethnic group.
When completing a verbal aptitude test, members of an ethnic minority group are particularly likely to perform below their true ability levels if they believe that the test is biased against members of their own ethnic group.
question
Twenty-five-year-old Alexandra is mentally handicapped and can neither read nor write. However, after hearing lengthy, unfamiliar, and complex musical selections just once, she can reproduce them precisely on the piano. It is likely that Alexandra is
gifted with a superior level of Spearman's g factor.
demonstrating a high level of emotional intelligence.
above average in her capacity for divergent thinking.
someone with savant syndrome.
1
answer
someone with savant syndrome.
Twenty-five-year-old Alexandra is mentally handicapped and can neither read nor write. However, after hearing lengthy, unfamiliar, and complex musical selections just once, she can reproduce them precisely on the piano. It is likely that Alexandra is someone with savant syndrome.
question
Which of the following persons best illustrates Sternberg's concept of practical intelligence?
-Jamal, a student who quickly recognizes the correct answers to multiple-choice test questions
-Gareth, a graduate student who generates many creative ideas
-Shelley, a newspaper reporter who has established a large network of information sources
-Cindy, a young mother who prefers cleaning her house to supervising her children
0
answer
Shelley, a newspaper reporter who has established a large network of information sources
Which of the following persons best illustrates Sternberg's concept of practical intelligence? Shelley, a newspaper reporter who has established a large network of information sources
question
Although Nicole scored well above average on an academic aptitude test, she frequently loses her temper and needlessly antagonizes even her best friends. Her behavior best illustrates a low level of
convergent thinking.
the g factor.
mental age.
emotional intelligence.
1
answer
emotional intelligence.
Although Nicole scored well above average on an academic aptitude test, she frequently loses her temper and needlessly antagonizes even her best friends. Her behavior best illustrates a low level of emotional intelligence.
question
Research on intelligence and brain anatomy indicates that highly intelligent children demonstrate ______ than their less intelligent counterparts.
smaller synaptic gaps
longer axons
greater neural plasticity
higher dopamine levels
answer
greater neural plasticity
Research on intelligence and brain anatomy indicates that highly intelligent children demonstrate greater neural plasticity than their less intelligent counterparts.
question
To assess mental age, Binet and Simon measured children's
head size.
reasoning skills.
muscular power.
neural processing speed.
answer
reasoning skills.
To assess mental age, Binet and Simon measured children's reasoning skills.
question
A test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic would be considered a(n) ________ test.
reliability
achievement
aptitude
intelligence
answer
aptitude
A test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic would be considered an aptitude test.
question
Researchers assess the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test in order to measure the ________ of a test.
validity
reliability
standardization
normal distribution
answer
reliability
Researchers assess the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test in order to measure the reliability of a test.
question
Sorting children into "gifted child" education programs is most likely to be criticized for
-overemphasizing the genetic determinants of giftedness.
-widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups.
-claiming that intelligence test scores can predict children's academic success.
-underestimating the extent to which a g factor underlies success in a wide variety of tasks.
answer
widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups.
Sorting children into "gifted child" education programs is most likely to be criticized for widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups.
question
The heritability of intelligence refers to
-the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
-the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors.
-the extent to which a group's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
-a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test.
answer
the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors.
The heritability of intelligence refers to the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors.
question
Mr. and Mrs. Goldberg can best predict their newborn daughter's future intellectual aptitude by
carefully assessing the infant's sensory and reflexive responses.
observing their daughter's general level of emotional reactivity.
obtaining information about their own levels of intelligence.
monitoring the age at which their child first walks and talks.
answer
obtaining information about their own levels of intelligence.
Mr. and Mrs. Goldberg can best predict their newborn daughter's future intellectual aptitude by obtaining information about their own levels of intelligence.
question
Babies in an Iranian orphanage suffered delayed intellectual development due to
critical periods.
telegraphic speech.
a deprived environment.
savant syndrome.
answer
a deprived environment.
Babies in an Iranian orphanage suffered delayed intellectual development due to a deprived environment.
question
Girls are most likely to outperform boys in a
grammar test.
mathematical reasoning test.
computer programming contest.
chess tournament.
answer
grammar test.
Girls are most likely to outperform boys in a grammar test.
question
Everyone would agree that intelligence tests are "biased" in the sense that
test performance is influenced by cultural experiences.
the reliability of intelligence tests is close to zero.
the heritability of intelligence is very high.
numerical scores of intelligence serve to dehumanize individuals.
answer
test performance is influenced by cultural experiences.
Everyone would agree that intelligence tests are "biased" in the sense that test performance is influenced by cultural experiences.
question
Jim, age 55, plays basketball with much younger adults and is concerned that his teammates might consider his age to be a detriment to their game outcome. His concern actually undermines his athletic performance. This best illustrates the impact of
the Flynn effect.
divergent thinking.
extrinsic motivation.
stereotype threat.
answer
stereotype threat.
Jim, age 55, plays basketball with much younger adults and is concerned that his teammates might consider his age to be a detriment to their game outcome. His concern actually undermines his athletic performance. This best illustrates the impact of stereotype threat.
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