A&P Chapter 16

The output energy of all receptors is a type of __________ energy. A. chemical B. mechanical C. thermal D. electrical E. nuclear

The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(an) __________. A. action potential B. graded potential C. local potential D. sensory potential E. receptor potential

What is a sensation? A. A response of a sensory receptor B. A response of a sensory organ C. A subjective awareness of a stimulus D. An unconscious response to a stimulus E. A response to any conscious stimulus

Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by __________. A. thermoreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. nociceptors D. mechanoreceptors E. proprioceptors

Changes in blood pressure are detected by __________ in certain arteries. A. mechanoreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. proprioceptors D. nociceptors E. thermoreceptors

You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the smell fades. What explains this phenomenon? A. The sensory projection of the sense of smell B. The projection pathway of the sense of smell C. The tonic nature of the sense of smell D. The phasic nature of the sense of smell E. The fast adaptation of the primary olfactory cortex to the smell of your deodorant

Which organ does not have nociceptors? A. Brain B. Heart C. Kidney D. Liver E. Stomach

. Pain, heat, and cold are detected by __________. A. tactile (Meissner) discs B. tactile corpuscles C. lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles D. free nerve endings E. end (Krause) bulbs

Which of the following is not an analgesic (pain reliever) found naturally in the central nervous system? A. Endogenous opioid B. Dynorphin C. Enkephalins D. Endorphins E. Bradykinin

Where do most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons? A. Midbrain B. Thalamus C. Spinothalamic tract D. Hypothalamus E. Postcentral gyrus

Which of the following is not involved with spinal gating of pain signals? A. Nociceptors B. The spinothalamic tract C. Lower motor neurons D. Second-order neurons E. The reticulospinal tract

In a taste bud, which cell produces a receptor potential? A. Taste hairs B. Sensory nerve fibers C. Supporting cells D. basal cells E. Gustatory cells

Which of the following structures is visible to the naked eye? A. Lingual papilla B. Taste (gustatory) cell C. Taste hair D. Taste bud E. Taste pore

Which taste sensation is produced by amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid? A. Salty B. Umami C. Bitter D. Sweet E. Sour

What do pheromones stimulate? A. Hair cells B. Supporting cells C. Taste cells D. Olfactory cells E. Olfactory glands

Where is the primary olfactory cortex located? A. Parietal lobe B. Insula C. Occipital lobe D. Frontal lobe E. Temporal lobe

What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus? A. Touch B. Smell C. Taste D. Vision E. Equilibrium

The human ear can detect what frequency of vibrations? A. 5 to 20 Hz B. 10 to 10,000 Hz C. 20 to 20,000 Hz D. 5 to 200,000 Hz E. 100 to 100,000 Hz

Which of the following structures belong to the inner ear? A. Tympanic membrane B. Helix C. Incus D. Semicircular duct E. Tensor tympani muscle

Which of the following structures houses the spiral organ? A. Cochlea B. Vestibule C. Semicircular duct D. Stapes E. Tympanic cavity

The incus articulates with which bone(s)? A. Malleus and stapes B. Malleus C. Stapes D. Malleus, stapes, and temporal E. Malleus, stapes, and tympanic

Which structure acts as a transducer in the spiral organ (organ of Corti)? A. Stereocilium B. Inner hair cell C. Tectorial membrane D. Round window E. Basilar membrane

The spiral organ is housed within which of the following structures? A. Scala vestibuli B. Scala tympani C. Cochlear duct D. Anterior semicircular duct E. Vestibule

Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity? A. Oval window B. Cochlear duct C. Auditory canal D. Auditory (Eustachian) tube E. Tympanic cavity

Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following which pathway? A. Cochlear duct spiral organ ossicles oval window auditory canal tympanic membrane fibers of cochlear nerve B. Auditory canal tympanic membrane oval window cochlear duct ossicles spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve C. Cochlear duct oval window auditory canal tympanic membrane ossicles spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve D. Tympanic membrane auditory canal ossicles oval window cochlear duct spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve E. Auditory canal tympanic membrane ossicles oval window cochlear duct spiral organ fibers of cochlear nerve

Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise? A. Ossicles B. Cochlear hair cells C. Tympanic membrane D. Fibers of the cochlear nerve E. Tectorial membrane

Each upward movement of the basilar causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening __________ gates. A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. Cl- E. Mg2+

A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause which of the following to occur? A. The tectorial membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end B. The tectorial membrane to vibrate vigorously near its proximal end C. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its proximal end D. The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end E. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end

When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your __________. A. cochlea B. saccule C. semicircular ducts D. utricle E. spiral organ (organ of Corti)

When you travel in an elevator, what senses when the elevator is moving? A. The inner hair cells of the basilar membrane B. The outer hair cells of the basilar membrane C. The hair cells of the tectorial membrane D. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi E. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi

What is the crista ampullaris associated with? A. Static equilibrium when standing still B. Static acceleration in linear acceleration C. Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration D. Hearing high-pitch sounds E. Vision related to color

Which of the following does not contribute to the sense of equilibrium? A. Otolithic membrane B. Semicircular canals C. Saccule D. Utricle E. Vallate papillae

Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from __________ nm. A. 4 to 70 B. 40 to 700 C. 400 to 700 D. 400 to 7,000 E. 4,000 to 7,000

Which of the following is not considered an accessory structure of the eye? A. Conjunctiva B. Palpebra C. Lacrimal apparatus D. Superior oblique E. Cornea

Which of the following is not considered an optic component of the eye? A. Aqueous humor B. Vitreous body C. Lens D. Retina E. Cornea

Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the __________ is obstructed so the aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted. A. scleral venous sinus B. posterior chamber C. anterior chamber D. lacrimal punctum E. tarsal gland opening

Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the __________ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve. A. macula lutea B. optic disc C. fovea centralis D. ora serrata E. lens

When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called __________. A. emmetropia B. accommodation C. refraction D. myopia E. diplopia

An eye with which of the following conditions does not need a corrective lens to focus the image? A. Hyperopia B. Myopia C. Presbyopia D. Emmetropia E. Astigmatism

Which cells are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision? A. Bipolar cells B. Rods C. Cones D. Ganglion cells E. Pigment cells

What event causes rhodopsin to go from violet to clear in color? A. Cis-retinal straightens to become trans-retinal B. Cis-retinal bends to become trans-retinal C. Trans-retinal straightens to become cis-retinal D. Trans-retinal bends to become cis-retinal

Why do cones exhibit less neuronal convergence than rods? A. Rods cannot distinguish different colors from each other. B. Rods do not function in bright light. C. No images are perceived within the optic disc. D. Cones do not detect black and white. E. Photopic vision has higher resolution than scotopic vision.

What are the only retinal cells that produce action potentials? A. Rods B. Cones C. Ganglion cells D. Bipolar cells E. Horizontal cells

Which of the following describes the duplicity theory of vision? A. A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution. B. Cones and rods are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision. C. Cones are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision. D. Light adaptation and dark adaptation are adjustments in vision to changing light intensities. E. There are short-wavelength cones and long-wavelength cones

What are the first-order neurons in the visual pathway? A. Optic nerve fibers B. Rods and cones C. Ganglion cells D. Bipolar cells E. Amacrine cells

Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the __________. A. superior colliculus B. optic chiasm C. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus D. optic foramen E. midbrain

Adjustment to close-range vision involves all of the following except __________. A. activity of the extrinsic eye muscles B. change in the curvature of the lens C. constriction of the pupil D. ciliary muscle activity E. light adaptation

Which of the following are unencapsulated endings? A. Free nerve endings B. Tactile corpuscles C. End bulbs D. Muscle spindles

Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain? A. Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex B. Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex C. Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex D. Vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nerve - thalamus - vestibular nuclei - cerebral cortex

The three types of cones in the retina are differentiated from one another by what feature? A. The absorption peak of their photopsin B. The width of their outer segment C. Whether they contain cis-retinal or trans-retinal or both D. The number of discs in their outer