CH.15

Central adaptation refers to A) increases in conscious perception of a sensory stimulus. B) a characteristic of phasic receptors. C) the decline in activity of peripheral receptors when stimulated. D) inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway. E) a change in motor receptivity of a neuron.

a receptor potential may.. -be a hyperpolarization. -increase neurotransmitter -release.be a depolarization -.decrease neurotransmitter release. -All of the answers are correct.

Action potentials from receptors involved in general sensations are interpreted in the -mesencephalon. -general interpretive area. -premotor cortex. -primary sensory cortex. -reticular activating system.

A ________ potential is a depolarization of a sensory dendrite that can lead to an afferent nerve impulse if strong enough. -refractory -generator -postsynaptic -resting -receptor

Sensory neurons that adapt quickly are called ________ receptors. -phasic -intracellular -tonic -chemical-channel -opioid

Which of the following tactile receptors is found in the dermal papillae? -tactile disc- tactile corpuscle -free nerve endings -ruffini corpuscle

________ provides information about the intensity, duration, location, and modality of a sensory stimulus. -Baroreceptors -Lamellated corpuscles -Merkel's discs -Tactile receptors -Sensory coding

Which type of sensory receptor detects vibrations? -proprioceptors -tactile receptor -thermoreceptors -baroreceptors

During anesthesia, a complete disruption in sensory perceptions is desired. Which of the following events is NOT associated with the sensory pathway? -depolarization of a receptor -action potential generation in a motor neuron -propagation of a signal -All

Which of the following is the best illustration for Golgi tendon organ activation? -a gymnast breathing heavily after a floor exercise -a female gymnast in midair over the vaulting horse -a male gymnast performing an iron cross on the rings apparatus -a gymnast doing a split

Which of these is NOT a property of fast pain? -It is sensitive to mechanical tissue injury from a deep cut. -It is also called prickly pain. -It is carried by myelinated fibers. -It is fast-adapting.

Which of these is NOT a property of chemoreceptors? -They are classed as nociceptors. -They are found in carotid bodies. -They trigger visceral reflexes. -They are interoceptors.

Proprioceptors signal all BUT __________. -muscle length -muscle temperature -muscle tension -joint angle

All of the following are true of a prickling pain sensations EXCEPT that they -are interpreted by the pre-frontal cortex. -are carried by type A fibers. -receive conscious attention. -reach the CNS quickly. -often trigger somatic reflexes.

Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called -nociceptors. -thermoreceptors. -chemoreceptors. -proprioceptors. -baroreceptors.

Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called -chemoreceptors. -proprioceptors. -nociceptors. -baroreceptors. -thermoreceptors.

Why are we not overwhelmed by sensory information?

________ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure. -Proprioceptors -Chemoreceptors -Nociceptors -Baroreceptors -Hair cells

Chemoreceptors are located in all of the following except A the organs of taste B carotid bodies C in the skin D the organs of smell E aortic bodies

Why is it that one CANNOT identify the location of internal organs, although joints and bone location CAN be identified?

The spinal tract that carries sensations from proprioceptors to the CNS is the -lateral spinothalamic. -fasciculus gracilis. -anterior spinothalamic. -spinocerebellar. -fasciculus cuneatus.

Stimulation of a neuron that terminates in the superior region of the left postcentral gyrus would produce A) a sensation in the lips. B) a sensation in the right leg. C) a muscle twitch in the lips. D) a muscle twitch in the right leg. E) both sensations and muscle twitches in the right leg.

The afferent neuron that carries the sensation to the CNS is a ________ neuron. -fourth-order -third-order -second-order -receptor -first-order

The sense of proprioception passes along the ________ pathway. -spinocerebellar -ganglion -decussation pathways -rubriocerebellar -corticospinal

Ascending tracts in the spinal cord relay ________ information. -sensory -motor -sensory and motor -autonomic -only somatic

Which principle descending motor pathway provides conscious control over voluntary muscle movements? -spinothalamic pathway -corticospinal pathway -posterior column pathway -spinocerebellar pathway

Which principle descending motor pathway primarily controls muscle tone and balance? -the reticulospinal tract of the medial pathway -the vestibulospinal tract of the medial pathway -the anterior spinothalamic tracts -fasciculous cuneatus of the posterior column pathway

The ________ tract provides subconscious regulation of upper limb muscle tone and movement and is part of the ________ pathway. -corticobulbar; medial -rubrospinal; lateral -reticulospinal; medial -tectospinal; lateral -vestibulospinal; lateral

The basal nuclei

A brain injury to a patient results in facial paralysis. Which descending tract is most likely affected? -corticobulbar tract -reticulospinal tract -tectospinal tract -rubrospinal tract -corticospinal tract

Upper motor neurons are located in the -spinal cord. -brain stem. -cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem. -precentral gyrus. -postcentral gyrus.

Which pathway crosses over in the medulla?

The ventralmost portion of someone's spinal cord experiences a lesion. Which sense is most likely to be directly affected?

Which principle descending motor pathway provides conscious control over voluntary muscle movements?

Which principle descending motor pathway primarily controls muscle tone and balance?

Which parts of the somatic nervous system are responsible for coordinating and providing feedback on muscle contractions?

Which of these is/are (a) component(s) of the somatic nervous system? -Ventral roots -Motor cortex -Ventral horn -All of these are component of the somatic nervous system

Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called

Assessing spinal nerve damage may involve the use of a vibration fork that is tapped along segments of the spinal nerve pathway. Which type of sensory receptor detects vibrations?

During anesthesia, a complete disruption in sensory perceptions is desired. Which of the following events is NOT associated with the sensory pathway? -Action potential generation in a motor neuron -Propagation of a signal -Depolarization of a receptor -All of the listed events are associated with the sensory pathway

When you touch a hot stove, along which pathway will the impulses travel and what is the final destination? -The lateral spinothalamic tract, reaching the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex -The lateral spinothalamic tract carries sensations for pain and temperature, and the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex processes sensory information from the body.

Which of these statements about the afferent division of the nervous system is true?

Which of the following best explains why the body "remembers" painful injuries long after they have been healed?

Which of these is mismatched? -sensory afferent; first-order neuron -brain stem neuron; second-order neuron -thalamic neuron; third-order neuron -None of these is mismatched.

Which of these sensory pathways carries afferent impulses that DON'T produce perceptions? -posterior column pathway -spinocerebellar pathway -visceral pathways -spinothalamic pathway

Which of these is NOT a property of thermoreceptors? -They are slow-adapting. -They are found within the dermis. -They have free nerve endings -The "cold" and "warm" receptors are structurally indistinguishable

We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because -sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions. -incoming sensory information is first processed by the thalamus. -different types of sensory receptors produce action potentials of different sizes and shapes. -of the many types of tactile receptors. -sensory neurons carry only one modality.

Which of these is NOT a property of phasic receptors? -They are sensitive to stimulus changes. -They are good for sensing vibration. -They are fast-adapting. -They are always active

Central adaptation can be defined as __________. -Inhibition along a sensory pathway -Inhibition of the tonic receptors -Decline in receptor sensitivity -A property of tonic receptors

The pathway whose axons descend ipsilaterally from the motor cortex to the lower motor neurons is the __________ tract. -reticulospinal -lateral corticospinal -vestibulospinal -anterior corticospinal

If a nerve impulse was transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS) on a C fiber, __________. -it would lead to a quick sensation of pain -it would lead to a slow sensation of cold -it would lead to a quick sensation of cold -it would lead to a slow sensation of pain

Axons that decussate between the pyramids of the medulla oblongata belong to the ________ tracts. -reticulospinal -anterior corticospinal -vestibulospinal -lateral corticospinal

Which of these are NOT part of the afferent division of the nervous system? -Cranial nerves I, II, and V -Dorsal roots -Ascending tracts of white matter -Ventral roots

The tract carrying sensations of pressure and pain is the __________. -Fasciculus cuneatus -Spinocerebellar tract -Posterior column tract -Lateral spinothalamic tract

The __________ tract carries information for maintaining balance. -Lateral coticospinal -Rubrospinal -Anterior corticospinal -Vestibulospinal

Which of these is NOT a property of chemoreceptors? -They trigger visceral reflexes -They are found in carotid bodies -They are interoceptors -They are classed as nociceptors

Identify the type of information that travels along the anterior corticospinal tracts -proprioception to the cerebral cortex -pain and crude touch sensations -visceral motor commands to smooth muscle -motor commands to skeletal muscles

A mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer of the dermis that responds to fine touch is a -Free nerve ending -Ruffini corpuscle -Root hair plexus -Tactile (meissner) sorpuscle

Which of these sensory modalities is NOT carried within the posterior column pathway? -Oressure -Fine touch -Proprioception -Pain

The medial pathway, which controls gross movements of the head, trunk, and limbs, consists of which tracts? -Vestibulospinal -Tectospinal -Reticulospinal -The medial pathway includes all of the listed tracts

What is the minimum number of synapses that must be crossed before an afferent nerve impulse becomes a perception? -one -two -atleast four -three

Which of these is NOT a property of the somatic nervous system? -has control of skeletal muscles -ncludes upper motor neurons in the brain -includes lower motor neurons in the brain stem or spinal cord -has control of cardiac muscle

A brain injury to a patient results in facial paralysis. Which descending tract is most likely affected? -reticulospinal tract -tectospinal tract -corticospinal tract -rubrospinal tract -Corticobulbar tract

Destruction of upper motor neurons in the left cerebral hemisphere results in loss of _______________. -Sensstion on the left side -Sensation on the right side -Movement on the left side -Movement on the right side

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to -The labeled line -Accessory cells -Receptor potentials -The fact that they are interoceptors -Receptor specifity

The upper motor neurons of the medial pathway are located within any of the following EXCEPT the -Vestibular nuclei -Superior colliculi -Reticular formation -Inferior colliculi -Mammillary bodies

The medial pathway, which controls gross movements of the head, trunk, and limbs, consists of which tracts? -Tectospinal -Vestibulospinal -Reticulospinal -The medial pathway includes all of these tracts

The tract that carries sensations from muscle spindles to the CNS is the __________. -Anterior spinothalamic -Posterior column -Lateral spinothalamic -Spinocerebellar

Cerebral palsy permanently disrupts voluntary motor performance. Which of the following motor tracts are NOT typically affected by cerebral palsy? -the anterior spinal tracts -the posterior spinal tracs -corticobulbar tracts -vestibulospinal tracts

Which of these sensory pathways carries afferent impulses that DON'T produce perceptions? -Fasciculus gracilis -Spinothalamic pathway -Posterior column pathway -Spinocerebellar pathway

The tract(s) carrying sensations of pressure and pain is (are) the __________. -Posterior column tract -Posterior spinothamlamic tract -Anterior spinothalamic tract -Both the anterior and posterior spinothalmic tracts