Anatomy, Chapter 15

What is the main function of the rods in the eye? A) accommodation for near vision B) vision in dim light C) depth perception D) color vision

What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye? A) iris B) cornea C) aqueous humor D) lens

Receptors for hearing are located in the ________. A) vestibule B) tympanic membrane C) cochlea D) semicircular canals

Which of the following types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life? A) auditory outer and inner hair cells B) retinal ganglion cells C) olfactory receptor cells D) retinal bipolar cells

The oil component found in tears is produced by the ________. A) tarsal glands B) conjunctiva C) lacrimal glands D) ciliary gland

The receptor for static equilibrium is the ________. A) cochlear duct B) utricle C) semicircular canals D) macula

Farsightedness is more properly called ________. A) presbyopia B) hyperopia C) myopia D) hypopia

Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________. A) nose B) skin C) eye D) ears

Which of the following structures is not part of the external ear? A) pharyngotympanic tube B) tympanic membrane C) pinna D) external acoustic meatus

Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye ________. A) cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma B) divide at the chiasma, with some crossing and some not crossing C) go to the superior colliculus only D) pass posteriorly without crossing over at the chiasma

Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas canbe transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________. A) does not contain connective tissue B) has no blood supply C) is not a living tissue D) has no nerve supply

The oval window is connected directly to which passageway? A) scala tympani B) pharyngotympanic tube C) scala vestibuli D) external acoustic meatus

There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layersform the optic nerves? A) rod cells B) cone cells C) bipolar cells D) ganglion cells

The first "way station" in the visual pathway from the eye, after there has been partialcrossover of the fibers in the optic chiasma, is the ________. A) temporal lobe B) visual cortex C) superior colliculi D) lateral geniculate body of the thalamus

Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors? A) All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation. B) Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes. C) In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic. D) The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli.

Taste buds are not found ________. A) lining the buccal cavity B) in circumvallate papillae C) in fungiform papillae D) in filiform papillae

Select the correct statement about olfaction. A) Olfactory adaptation is only due to fading of receptor cell response. B) Substances must be volatile and hydrophobic in order to activate olfactory receptors. C) Olfactory receptors have a high degree of specificity toward a single type of chemical. D) Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain.

What prevents the eyelids from sticking together when the eyes close? A) conjunctival fluid B) tarsal gland secretions C) lacrimal fluid D) ciliary gland secretions

Which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produceit? A) bitteralkaloids B) saltymetal ions C) sweetorganic substances such as sugar and some lead salts D) souracids E) umamiamino acids glutamate and lysine

U.S. employees must wear hearing protection at ________ dB or above. A) 70 B) 80 C) 100 D) 90

What is a modiolus? A) a bony area around the junction of the facial, vestibular, and cochlear nerves B) a bone pillar in the center of the cochlea C) bone in the center of a semicircular canal D) bone around the cochlea

Which statement about malnutrition-induced night blindness is most accurate? A) The impaired vision is caused by reduced cone function. B) Visual pigment content is reduced in both rods and cones. C) The most common cause is vitamin D deficiency. D) Vitamin supplements can reverse degenerative changes.

Dark adaptation ________. A) involves accumulation of rhodopsin B) involves improvement of acuity and color vision C) is much faster than light adaptation D) results in inhibition of rod function

Conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the ________. A) superior colliculus B) chiasma C) thalamus D) occipital lobe of the cortex

In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the ________. A) optic chiasma B) primary visual cortex C) medial retina D) lateral geniculate body

Visual inputs to the ________ serve to synchronize biorhythms with natural light and dark. A) suprachiasmatic nucleus B) superior colliculi C) pretectal nuclei D) lateral geniculate body

Information from balance receptors goes directly to the ________. A) back muscles B) brain stem reflex centers C) motor cortex D) visual cortex

Motion sickness seems to ________. A) result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs B) result from activation of nausea centers in the brain stem C) respond best to medication taken after salivation and pallor begins D) respond best to medication that "boosts" vestibular inputs

In the uterus ________. A) scanty visual connections are made that proliferate greatly during infancy B) despite the fact that the fetus cannot see, functional visual cortical connections are established C) the fetus cannot see and therefore visual cortical connections are not made D) the fetus can see only light and shadow, but not forms, so partial visual connections are made

Most newborns ________. A) cry with copious tears B) see in tones of red and green only C) are myopic D) often use only one eye at a time

The blind spot of the eye is where ________. A) the optic nerve leaves the eye B) only cones occur C) more rods than cones are found D) the macula lutea is located

The first vestiges of eyes in the embryo are called ________. A) optic cups B) optic vesicles C) mesenchyme D) optic discs

Which pairing of terms is incorrectly related? A) frequency: wavelength number B) amplitude: sound intensity C) frequency: loudness D) quality: frequency number

Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by ________. A) movement of a cupula B) the movement of otoliths C) substances in solution D) stretching of the receptor cells

Which of the following could not be seen as one looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope? A) optic disc B) fovea centralis C) macula lutea D) optic chiasma

The cells of the retina in which action potentials are generated are the ________. A) amacrine cells B) ganglion cells C) rods and cones D) bipolar cells

During dark adaptation ________. A) the cones are activated B) rhodopsin accumulates in the rods C) the sensitivity of the retina decreases D) the rate of rhodopsin breakdown is accelerated

Tinnitis, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called ________. A) motion sickness B) strabismus C) Ménière's syndrome D) conjunctivitis

Which of the following is not a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells? A) They have a short life span of about 60 days. B) They are chemoreceptors. C) They are ciliated. D) They are unipolar neurons.

An essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium is (are) the ________. A) otoliths B) scala media C) spiral organ (of Corti) D) cupula

Which of the following is true about light and vision? A) The greater the incident angle of light striking a refractive surface, the less the amount of lightbending. B) Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that slows down as it enters a medium ofrelatively less density. C) Human photoreceptors respond to light in the 100-300 nm range.) D) When we see the color of an object, all light is being absorbed by that object except for thecolor being experienced.

The tarsal plate of the eyelid ________. A) assists in the act of winking B) is connected to the levator palpebrae C) is composed of connective tissue surrounding a thin cartilage plate D) is connected to the superior rectus muscle

Which of the following is true about photoreceptors? A) If all cones are stimulated equally, all colors are absorbed by the cones and the colorperceived is black. B) Three types of color-sensitive photoreceptors exist: red, green, and yellow. C) Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision. D) In dim light, images are focused directly on the rods in the fovea centralis.

Select the correct statement about equilibrium. A) Due to dynamic equilibrium, movement can be perceived if rotation of the body continues ata constant rate. B) Hair cells of both types of equilibrium hyperpolarize only, resulting in an increased rate ofimpulse transmission. C) The weight of the endolymph contained within the semicircular canals against the maculae isresponsible for static equilibrium. D) Cristae respond to angular acceleration and deceleration.

The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the ________. A) medial rectus B) inferior oblique C) lateral rectus D) superior oblique

The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are ________. A) taste buds B) fungiform papillae C) basal cells D) gustatory hairs

Light passes through the following structures in which order? A) aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor B) cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor C) vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea D) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

Damage to the medial recti muscles would probably affect ________. A) pupil constriction B) convergence C) refraction D) accommodation

Which statement about sound localization is not true? A) It is difficult to discriminate sound sources in the midline. B) It uses time differences between sound reaching the two ears. C) It requires processing at the cortical level. D) It requires input from both ears.

Which of the following is not a possible cause of conduction deafness? A) otosclerosis B) cochlear nerve degeneration C) impacted cerumen D) middle ear infection

Visual processing in the thalamus does not contribute significantly to ________. A) movement perception B) night vision C) depth perception D) high-acuity vision

Visible light fits between ________. A) UV and infrared B) microwaves and radio waves C) X rays and UV D) gamma rays and infrared

Ceruminous glands are ________. A) modified taste buds B) glands found in the lateral corners of your eye C) saliva glands found at the base of the tongue D) modified apocrine sweat glands

Presbyopia is not ________. A) called ʺold personʹs visionʺ B) common in individuals over 50 C) the loss of elasticity of the lens D) the unequal curvature of refracting surfaces

Inhibitory cells in the olfactory bulbs are called _________. A) basal cells B) sustentacular cells C) mitral cells D) granule cells

There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves? A) rod cells B) cone cells C) bipolar cells D) ganglion cells

Photoreceptors ________. A) called cones possess a short conical inner segment B) possess an inner segment, which is the receptor region C) replicate to replace damaged cells, in order to maintain normal vision D) package visual pigment in membrane-bound discs, which increases the efficiency of light trapping

Olfactory glands function to ________. A) secrete mucus B) produce Ca+ ions that are taken up by the olfactory receptor cells for their use C) produce olfactory cells D) assist in detection of odors

The ciliary body does not ________. A) attach to the iris B) secrete aqueous humor C) belong to the anterior chamber of the eye D) pull on the ciliary zonule

As sound intensity increases, we hear the sound as a louder sound at the same pitch. This suggests that ________. A) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are building up in the auditory cortex B) the timing of the cochlear vibrations encodes the pitch C) 540-Hz-receptive cells are particularly refractory D) cochlear cells that respond to the same pitch vary in responsiveness

________ is a disorder of the olfactory nerves. A) Otalgia B) Scotoma C) Uncinate fits D) Anosmias

What are the special senses?

What is the dominant sense?

What part of the eye is called "the white of the eye"?

In which layer is the retina found?

What are the protein fibers called that make up the lens? A) collagens B) crystallins

What do we call the gel-like substance in the posterior chamber of the eyeball? A) the aqueous humor B) the vitreous body

Which photoreceptor cells are responsible for sharp vision?

Which neural cells regulate action potential generation in the eye?

What is the area called where your vision is the sharpest?

The ________ are in the visual pathway and mediate the pupillary light reflexes. pretectal nuclei

The oval window touches the stapes and the ________.

The vestibulocochlear nerve first synapses with the ________ in the medulla.

The apex of the ear hears sounds in the range of ________ Hz.

The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and is reflected over the anterior surface of the eyeball is the conjunctiva.

In the optic ________ the visual fields of the axons are all ipsilateral.

The photoreceptor cells are sensitive to damage from light.

Both the cornea and the lens are vascular

The optic disc is the location where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball

Sour taste receptors are stimulated by hydrogen ions of acidic food substances.

The fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth is called perilymph.

The extrinsic eye muscle motor units contain only 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases asfew as 2 or 3 muscle cells.

Retinal detachment always results in loss of vision.

The structure that allows equalization of the pressure in the middle ear with that outside thebody is the external auditory meatus.

The bending of light rays is called reflection.

The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor.

The neural layer of the retina prevents excessive scattering of light within the eye.

Sound is generally perceived in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex.

Light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors.

Without a functioning crista ampullaris, the semicircular canals would not function.

Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to bend the light less.

Theoretically, an individual born without a middle ear would be able to hear by boneconduction with a hearing aid.

When we move from darkness to bright light, retinal sensitivity is lost, but visual acuity is gained.

The function of the lens of the eye is to allow precise focusing of light on the retina.

Each olfactory cortical neuron receives input from one receptor at a time.

Odorants must be volatile to be smelled.

By week four the optic vesicles form from the diencephalon

Most babies are hyperopic, only see gray tones, and only use one eye at a time

Protects and shapes the eyeball; provides a sturdy anchoring site for extrinsic eye muscles.

Blood vessels supply nutrition to all eye layers.

Contains only cones; provides detailed color vision.

Lacks photoreceptors; where optic nerve exits the eye.

Consists of a pigmented layer and a neural layer.

Acts as a reflexively activated diaphragm to vary pupil size.

The only tissue in the body that can be transplanted from one person to another with little or no rejection.

Controls lens shape.

Holds the retina firmly against the pigmented layer.

Fluid blockages cause glaucoma.

The sensory layer of the eye.

The structure most responsible for focusing light rays that enter the eye.

Helps maintain the intraocular pressure; located in the anterior part of the eye.

Area of greatest visual acuity.

Ear stones.

Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx.

Separates external acoustic meatus from the middle ear.

Contains utricle and saccule.

Detects linear acceleration.

A condition that can result from a deficiency of vitamin A.

A condition of deafness that may result from otosclerosis.

An inflammation of the lining of the middle ear.

A condition often leading to blindness due to increased intraocular pressure.

Hair cells receptive to changes in dynamic equilibrium are found in this structure.

Gustatory cells are found in this structure.

Hair cells receptive to changes in static equilibrium are found in this structure.

The receptors of olfaction are found in this structure.

Houses the spiral organ (of Corti.)

The central part of the bony labyrinth.

A membrane that transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles.

Loss of hearing resulting from prolonged exposure to high-intensity sounds.

A possible side effect of medications such as aspirin.

Researchers have found that retinal ganglionic fields are of two types: on center or off center.

If a chalazion interferes with glandular secretion, the immediate outcome would be ______.

Conjunctivitis does not directly affect ______.

When a person's cold is accompanied by "watery eyes," there is reduced flow of lacrimal fluid directly into the ______.

Which of the following nerves would you predict is NEVER involved in the development of strabismus?

If retinal detachment occurs in the macula lutea, one can predict that there would be a significant loss of ______.

In glaucoma, damage occurs primarily to the ______.

In theory, cataracts could be prevented by invention of a treatment that would ______.

Which of the following statements is true?

In a 30 year old man who has red-green color blindness, light having a wavelength of 530 nm is perceived as being green. This man ______.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

If the optic chiasma is destroyed but the rest of the visual pathway to the brain is not damaged, the result would be ______.

Roger went for his yearly eye examination and was informed that his intraocular pressure was slightly elevated (at 22 mm Hg). The physician expressed concern over this condition and noted that if the condition got worse, eyedrops would be merited. What is wrong with Roger's eyes? What are the possible consequences of this condition? What is the function of the eyedrops?

Baby Susie's pediatrician notices that one of her eyes rotates outward and that she does not appear to be using it for vision. What is her condition, and what does the pediatrician recommend?

Ling, a 75-year-old grandmother, complained that her vision was becoming obscured. Upon examination by an ophthalmologist she was told she had cataracts. What are cataracts, how do they occur, and how are they treated?

A nurse is administering Pilocarpine eye drops. The nurse instructs the patient to press on the nasolacrimal duct for 30 seconds because the medication can have some systemic side effects, such as affecting the heart rate. What is the rationale for pressing on the nasolacrimal duct?

Vitamin D needed by the photoreceptor cells is stored by the cells of the retina pigmented layer.

Ciliary muscles are a type of skeletal muscle.

Another name for the primary visual cortex is ________.

Which accessory eye structures function to produce the tears that cleanse and protect the eye?

Which structure in the eye provides nutrition to all eye layers?

What part of the eye constitutes the blind spot?

Which photoreceptors respond to very dim light?

Even though we have two eyes, why do we normally see only one image?

The major function of the conjunctiva is to __________.

Which of the following is NOT an accessory structure of the eye?

The visible colored portion of the eye is the __________.

Which of the following is a role of the vitreous humor?

Which of the following is a characteristic of the lens?

Choose the correctly paired terms.

A stroke that affects the left visual cortex would lead to __________.

The receptors for smell are activated when __________.

What term means that the lens can change shape so that the eye can focus on items either close at hand or far away?

Bitter taste is elicited by ________.

Which of the following is the basic taste quality responsible for the "beef taste" of steak?

Most taste buds are located __________.

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for something to be tasted?

The boundary between the external and middle ear is the __________.

Ringing in the ears is called __________.

Vision is fully developed at birth.

What condition results when distant objects focus in front of the retina, rather than on it?

During otitis media, large amounts of fluid or pus may accumulate in the tympanic cavity; the fluid is primarily ______.

Which of the following would be the LEAST likely to be associated with the development of motion sickness?

In order for sound to reach the spiral organ (of Corti), the auditory ossicles must vibrate the oval window and set the perilymph and endolymph in motion.

The oval window is connected directly to which passageway?

As sound levels increase in the spiral organ (of Corti), ________.

Static equilibrium involves linear acceleration as well as changes in head rotation.

Hair cells in the spiral organ of the ear are never replaced.

The quality of a sound is based on the atmospheric pressure at the time the sound is generated.

Which pairing of terms is incorrectly related?

Which middle ear ossicle is attached to, and transmits vibratory motion to, the oval window?

Which of the following is the receptor organ for hearing?

What is the vestibular apparatus?

Which of the following correctly matches the equilibrium receptor to the type of equilibrium it monitors?

Where are equilibrium receptors located?

There are __________ auditory ossicles in the ear.

The final step in perceiving sound is __________.

The distance between two consecutive wave crests is the __________.

Which of the following is true of receptors for dynamic equilibrium?

Information from balance (equilibrium) receptors goes directly to __________.

Choose the FALSE statement about the olfactory epithelium.

Eye color is determined by the amount of brown pigment present in the iris.

Rubella infection during early pregnancy may cause damage to the embryo's ______.

Congenital sensorineural deafness most commonly involves damage to ______.

The only special sense not fully functional at birth is the sense of ________.

Taste is independent of smell.