Anatomy - Chapter 22 - Respiratory

T/F The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

T/F The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue)

Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall? A) the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs B) the smooth muscles of the lung C) the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone D) surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Which of the following statements about the pleurae is NOT true? A) The pleural lining reduces friction during ventilation. B) The parietal and visceral pleura are continuous. C) The pleurae create one continuous cavity for both lungs. D) The visceral pleura covers the lung tissue and lines the fissures of the lung lobes.

Which blood vessels supply oxygenated systemic blood to the lung tissue? A) bronchial arteries B) bronchial veins C) pulmonary veins D) pulmonary arteries

Which of the following cavities surround(s) the lungs alone? A) thoracic cavity B) mediastinum C) pleural cavities D) pericardial cavity

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure? A) transpulmonary pressure B) intrapulmonary pressure C) atmospheric pressure D) intrapleural pressure

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? A) atmospheric pressure B) transpulmonary pressure C) intrapleural pressure D) intrapulmonary pressure

Calculate the intrapleural pressure if atmospheric pressure is 765 millimeters of mercury, assuming that the subject is at rest (not inhaling or exhaling). A) 4 millimeters of mercury B) 0 millimeters of mercury C) 761 millimeters of mercury D) 765 millimeters of mercury

Which of the following pressure relationships best illustrates when inspiration will occur? A) Ppul < Patm B) Ppul = Patm C) Ppul < Pip D) Ppul > Patm

Which muscles are activated during forced expiration? A) the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles B) the diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles C) the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor muscles D) the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles

__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing. A) Intra-alveolar B) Transpulmonary C) Transthoracic D) Atmospheric

In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______. A) intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure B) intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure C) intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure D) intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure

Which of the following would NOT be involved in causing bronchiolar constriction during an asthma attack? A) acetylcholine B) central nervous system C) peripheral nervous system D) adrenal medulla

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______. A) in the conducting zone structures of the lungs B) due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells C) to permit adequate surface tension in the alveoli D) because the presence of collapsed alveoli prevents surfactant production

If the compliance of the thoracic wall is decreased, ______. A) the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation B) the intrapulmonary pressure would remain lower than the atmospheric pressure C) the airway resistance would be decreased D) None of the listed responses is correct.

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. A) negative pressure in the intrapleural space B) pressure within the pleural cavity C) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs D) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. A) Boyle's law B) Dalton's law C) Henry's law D) Charles' law

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. A) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations B) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid C) warming the air before it enters D) humidifying the air before it enters

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs? A) gas exchange B) pulmonary ventilation C) internal respiration D) external respiration

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. A) air pressure B) friction C) surface tension D) surfactant

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. B) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension. C) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. D) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.

Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation? A) lung compliance B) partial pressure of oxygen in the air C) airway resistance D) alveolar surface tension

T/F Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

According to this spirographic record, what is the total volume of exchangeable air for a normal male? A) 2400 milliliters B) 3600 milliliters C) 4800 milliliters D) 6000 milliliters

Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity? A) tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV) B) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and residual volume (RV) C) tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) D) tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

What is the minute ventilation of an average adult male at rest breathing at a rate of 10 breaths per minute? A) 5000 milliliters per minute B) 36,000 milliliters per minute C) 48,000 milliliters per minute D) 60,000 milliliters per minute

Tidal volume is air ________. A) exchanged during normal breathing B) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration C) nhaled after normal inspiration D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. A) inspiratory capacity B) tidal volume C) expiratory reserve volume D) vital capacity

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. A) reserve air B) vital capacity C) inspiratory reserve volume D) expiratory capacity

Inspiratory capacity is ________. A) functional residual capacity B) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration C) the total amount of exchangeable air D) air inspired after a tidal inhalation

Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder? A) restrictive disease B) obstructive pulmonary disease C) asthma D) emphysema

What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath? A) vital capacity B) expiratory reserve volume C) inspiratory reserve volume D) tidal volume

T/F The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.

Emphysema can result in an ______. A) increased level of carbaminohemoglobin B) increased level of deoxyhemoglobin C) increased likelihood of the skin of Caucasians developing a slightly blue coloration D) All of the listed responses are correct.

During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______. A) blood B) blood plasma C) interstitial fluid D) water

T/F Henry's law of partial pressures states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. A) Henry's law B) Dalton's law C) Boyle's law D) Charles' law

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. A) at least 3 micrometers thick B) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick C) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick D) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. A) the Haldane effect B) chloride shifting C) the Bohr effect D) ventilation-perfusion coupling

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? A) partial pressure gradient B) solubility in water C) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule D) the temperature

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by _________. A) active transport B) filtration C) osmosis D) diffusion

T/F Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin and the blood? A) a decrease in blood temperature B) increase in hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it already C) a drop in blood pH D) decreases in plasma carbon dioxide

Which of the following best describes the chloride shift as seen in the figure? A) Chloride is taken out of the blood to counterbalance the inflow of carbon dioxide. B) Chloride binds bicarbonate and allows more of it to be carried in the bloodstream. C) Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate. D) Chloride is removed from hemoglobin when carbon dioxide binds to it.

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. A) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin B) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood C) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin D) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules

Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood? A) dissolved in plasma B) chemically bound to hemoglobin C) as bicarbonate ion in plasma D) as carbon monoxide in plasma

Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin? A) anemic hypoxia B) histotoxic hypoxia C) ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia D) hypoxemic hypoxia

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood? A) as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells B) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin C) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells D) as carbonic acid in the plasma

Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning? A) hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body B) immediate application of bicarbonate ions to facilitate removal of CO from Hb C) slow breathing into a paper bag D) hyperventilation to exhale CO from the body

The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining blood pH. A) BPG B) oxygen C) chloride ions D) carbon dioxide

T/F Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.