Ecology Chapter 7

How do the skulls of adult chimpanzees and humans differ?Adult chimpanzees have more rounded faces. Adult chimpanzees have a less angled skull. Adult chimpanzees have less massive jaws. Adult chimpanzees have heavier brow ridges. Adult chimpanzees have flatter faces.

The differences between chimpanzee and human observed in these animations is attributable to differences in _____.life span skull structure the appearance of the fetal skulls bone composition allometric growth

What accounts for human infants having large heads on small bodies?--the need to get the infant out through the birth canal formation of the head before the rest of the body during fetal development -allometric growth -head cells having a different genotype than the cells of the rest of the body -at birth the human head is NOT relatively large compared to the rest of the body

Variations in allometric growth patterns demonstrate how _____.adult -chimpanzees are basically juvenile humans that have gained the ability to reproduce -relatively small genetic changes can have a major impact on phenotype -differences in the fetal skulls of chimpanzees and humans lead to very similar adult skulls -relatively large genetic changes can have a minor impact on phenotype -chimpanzees and humans could not have a common ancestor

Which of these is a difference between the skull of an adult chimpanzee and the skull of an adult human? -All of these are differences between adult chimpanzee and adult human skulls. -They result from different patterns of allometric growth. -The chimpanzee skull is sharper and more angular. -The chimpanzee skull has heavier brow ridges. -The chimpanzee skull has more massive joints.

T/F As the surface area of a body increases, its volume increases at the same rate.

In comparison with a blue whale, a shrew has the same surface area relative to volume. a larger surface area relative to volume. a slightly smaller surface area relative to volume. a much smaller surface area relative to volume.

Which of the following would have the most surface area assuming the same volume? a golf ball a perfect sphere a tube a cube

T/F Endotherms can sustain a higher level of physical activity for longer periods of time than ectotherms.

Which of the following factors does not influence animal heat exchange? conductivity of fat movement of blood to the body's surface fat thickness oxygen diffusion rate

Many species of small mammals, especially those that hibernate, increase heat production by burning highly vascular brown fat. panting. sweating. growing denser fur during winter.

Many grazing herbivores, such as cows, can eat poor-quality plant material because __________. -they have much larger stomachs -they supplement their diets with seeds -they get additional nutrition from meat -the bacteria in their stomachs digest the cellulose and synthesize additional nutrients -they do not need high levels of nutrients

T/F A detritivore feeds primarily on dead plant or animal matter.

Animals that feed on both plant and animal tissues are referred to as herbivores. carnivores. omnivores. detritivores.

T/F All species of fish are carnivorous.

The ingestion of fecal material for further extraction of nutrients is referred to as coprophagy. autophagy. folivory. nectarivory.

Which of the following animals are INCORRECTLY labeled as conformers or regulators? -Most echinoderms are conformers; their internal body fluids quickly come to equilibrium with the seawater that surrounds them. -Many mammals, such as beavers and whales, are conformers in terms of thermal regulation. -Many fish are conformers in terms of temperature; their body temperature is close to that of the water, and they produce enzymes that are functional at different temperatures at different times of the year. -A species, such as a goldfish, may be a conformer with respect to one variable (temperature) and a regulator with respect to a different variable (osmolarity). -Many fish are regulators in terms of osmolarity; saltwater fish produce highly concentrated urine and maintain blood osmolarity by retaining solutes in their blood.

Which of the following is the concept associated with an animal shivering in a cold environment to stay warm? conformer torpor homeostasis counter current heat exchange

T/F Some amphibians can take in oxygen through their skin.

T/F Air flow through bird lungs is a continuous circuit, flowing in one direction only.

Which of the following is a major problem for animals that live in hyperosmotic environments? preventing heat loss obtaining enough oxygen preventing water loss access to mineral nutrients

A marine fish is ________ and tends to ________ water to/from the environment. hypoosmotic; lose hypoosmotic; gain hyperosmotic; gain hyperosmostic; lose

T/F Birds are homeothermatic

The regulation of body temperature exclusively from the external environment is referred to as homeothermy. endothermy. ectothermy. heterothermy.

Acclimation is __________. the decrease in temperature the process by which organisms become physically or physiologically adjusted to their environmental conditions the increase in temperature the process by which organisms genetically evolve to meet the requirements of their physical conditions the ability to hibernate during cold environmental conditions

T/F Some aquatic poikilotherms (e.g., sharks) are able to maintain a higher internal body temperature than the surrounding water.

Water flows over gills in the opposite direction of blood flow in a process known as respiration. diffusion. inhalation. countercurrent exchange.

What is the thermoneutral zone? It is the maximum and minimum temperatures found in the area in which an animal lives. It is when the ambient air temperature equals the body temperature. It is the critical temperature at which homeotherms can increase metabolic rate to generate energy rapidly when the situation demands. It is the zone that determines the maximum and minimum temperature in which an organism can survive. It is the zone where metabolic rates are minimal.

T/F An ectotherm requires more calories per gram of body mass than an endotherm of similar size.

The respiration rate of homeotherms is proportional to environmental temperature. body temperature. air pressure. body size.

The basal metabolic rate per unit of body mass is highest in a small endotherm. large ectotherm. small ectotherm. large endotherm.

An advantage of homeothermy is that it allows the organism to tolerate wide fluctuations in body temperature. that it maximizes allocation of energy to growth. that it allows the organism to remain active in a wide range of external temperatures. that it requires a low caloric intake.

Immediately prior to flight in cool temperatures, some insects increase anaerobic respiration. increase heat production by shivering flight muscles of the thorax. seek shade. must consume hundreds of calories.

The seasonal cessation of activities accompanied by a reduction in metabolism in response to cold temperatures during winter is called hibernation. diapause. heterothermy. torpor.

In which of the following is countercurrent heat exchange not known to occur? bird legs porpoise fluke primate hands beaver tail

Several amphibian species survive the winter using antifreeze chemicals by the process of supercooling. torpor. rete. countercurrent heat exchange.

You design a study to test Bergmann's rule in relation to climate change. Which of the following would be an appropriate hypothesis for the study? As global temperatures increase, smaller animals will be found at higher latitudes. As global temperatures decrease, smaller animals will be found at higher altitudes. As global temperatures decrease, larger animals will be found at lower latitudes. As global temperatures decrease, smaller animals will be found at higher latitudes. As global temperatures increase, larger animals will be found at lower latitudes.