Geography 1

Geography is described as

The word spatial refers to

Which is not true of geographers?

Geography

Geography" literally means

The main methodology governing geographic inquiry

Which of the following best describes the field of physical geography?

Relative to the fundamental themes of geography proposed by the Association of American Geographers, communication and diffusion refer to

Which of the following most accurately characterizes the goal of geography?

The science of physical geography is based on the realization that

Which of the following terms characterizes the discipline of geography? A) eclectic B) holistic C) unscientific D) A, B, and C. E) A and B only.

Geography is not

Which of the following comprise the fundamental duality in the field of geography?

Relative to the fundamental themes of geography proposed by the Association of American Geographers, resource exploitation and hazard perception refer to

Relative to the fundamental themes of geography proposed by the Association of American Geographers, latitude and longitude refer to

Relative to the fundamental themes of geography proposed by the Association of American Geographers, areas that display uniform characteristics refer to

Relative to the fundamental themes of geography proposed by the Association of American Geographers, unique tangible and intangible aspects of a site refers to

Relative to the fundamental themes of geography, the Taj Mahal in India and Ayers Rock in Australia are best described within which of the five themes?

Relative to the fundamental themes of geography, your home address is best described within which of the five themes?

The wind-blown soot, hydrocarbons, and sulfur compounds from the oil-well fires that burned in Kuwait during 1991 fall within which of the five themes?

System analysis, the analytical technique used by modern geographers, was developed by

The inductive method of reasoning used by Earth scientists to discern patterns in nature involves reasoning from

Which of the following is the most strongly supported by experimental and observational evidence?

Which of the following is true of scientific theories? A) They are based on several hypotheses. B) They are broad in scope because they unify several known facts about the world. C) They are based on natural laws (such as those pertaining to gravity, relativity, atomic theory, etc.) D) all of the above

The key idea behind the scientific method is

The scientific method is described by which of the following? A) The application of common sense. B) A relation to procedures developed by Sir Isaac Newton. C) The development of hypotheses for testing and prediction. D) All of these are correct. E) None of these is correct.

The capacity to change the motion of, or to do work on, matter is the definition of

Which of the following is an example of a system? A) a leaf B) a river drainage basin C) a midlatitude cyclonic storm D) All of these are examples of systems. E) None of these are examples of systems.

A non-rechargeable battery can best be described as a/an __________ energy system and a/an __________ material system.

Which of the following is incorrect?

Systems encountered in nature at Earth's surface, such as the soil in a floodplain, are A) open systems in terms of energy. B) closed systems in terms of energy. C) open systems in terms of matter. D) both A and C E) both B and C

With respect to air, water, and material resources, which of the following is true?

What type of feedback maintains stability in a system; i.e., what type of feedback keeps a system functioning properly?

If a system responds to a change in input by moving further away from its equilibrium condition, what type of feedback has occurred?

Which of the following is correctly matched? A) equilibrium; balance of inputs and outputs B) steady state equilibrium; small fluctuations about an average condition C) dynamic equilibrium; small fluctuations about an average condition that changes gradually over time D) All of the above are correctly matched

Which of the following best describes the condition of steady-state equilibrium?

If we burn fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide and warm the atmosphere, as the oceans warm they will release more carbon dioxide, which warms the atmosphere. This is an example of __________ feedback. If the increased atmospheric carbon dioxide causes increased plant growth which removes carbon dioxide and cools the atmosphere, this is an example of __________ feedback.

The increase in meltponds in Arctic regions is an example of

If increased levels of carbon dioxide lead to further increases in temperature by promoting the release of even more carbon dioxide from the oceans, this means that __________ feedback has occurred and that the planet is __________.

The carbon dioxide that is being added to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels is an example of an __________ to the atmosphere and an __________ from the lithosphere.

If the human population keeps growing rapidly, there could be a rapid shift from there being enough food to large scale food shortages and starvation. The point at which this change occurs is a(n) __________.

As we burn fossil fuels and release carbon dioxide, the temperature of our planet and the oceans will increase. When the oceans warm they will release more carbon dioxide, further warming the planet and oceans. If this occurs rapidly and causes a sudden rise in temperature, a(n) __________ has been crossed and that the planet has moved into a state of __________.

Around the Grand Canyon the predators of deer were largely exterminated by people. The deer population grew rapidly as a result of the lack of predators until the deer exhausted their food supply. This led to a massive die-off (known as a population crash) and hundreds of deer died of starvation. The point at which the food supply no longer supported the large deer population can best be considered a

If a storm causes more sediment (dirt) to flow into a river than the river can carry, the sediment will be deposited in the channel. This will make the channel narrower than it was originally. However, as the channel's width decreases, the river's velocity will increase, and this will eventually cause the newly deposited sediment to be eroded. As a result, the original width of the river, as well as normal flow velocities, will be reestablished. In this example, the width of the river channel and the processes controlling it can be considered an example of A) steady-state equilibrium. B) positive feedback. C) negative feedback. D) both A and B E) both A and C

If Earth warmed up, and more snow fell because of more water vapor in the atmosphere, and that snow then reduced Earth's temperature, which increased snow cover, then the initial increase in snow fall would be __________ feed back, while the continued increase in snow fall would be __________ feed back.

Which of the following is true of models? A) They are abstract representations of the world. B) They are idealized representations of the world. C) They are simplified representations of the world. D) All of the above are true. E) A and B only

According to the text, the three inorganic Earth realms are the

Which of the following statements regarding the development of models by scientists is not true?

Living systems are considered

Which of the following is true of the biosphere?

Which of the following is true of the biosphere?

The realization that Earth was a sphere

A value for Earth's circumference was first calculated by

Which of the following statements about Earth is correct?

The oblateness of Earth occurs at the

The diameter of Earth is largest when measured around the

Isaac Newton reasoned that Earth was not perfectly spherical because of

The science that specifically attempts to determine Earth's shape and size by surveys and mathematical means is called

Who made a significant, early contribution to cartography by adding a grid and orienting the map with north at the top? He also divided the circumference of Earth into 360°, with each degree comprising 60 minutes, and each minute comprising 60 seconds.

The individual who first determined the circumference of Earth did so using which of the following? A) geometry B) a water well C) the shadow of an obelisk D) all of the above E) A and B only

Which of the following is easily determined using the position of the Sun or stars?

A parallel of latitude

An angular distance measured north or south of the equator from the center of Earth is termed

If an observer determines that the North Star (Polaris) is located 30° above the horizon, then the observer is located at __________.

An angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian from the center of Earth is termed

How far north you live from the equator is measured as your __________, whereas an imaginary line marking all those places at that same distance north of the equator is called a __________.

Which of the following is true regarding the 0° prime meridian?

The basis for defining the length of a day is the fact that

The meridian opposite of Earth's prime meridian (0° longitude) is called

Latitude is

The most extreme northern and southern parallels to experience perpendicular rays of the Sun at local noon are located at

Areas located above __________ latitude experience 24 hours of daylight for six months of the year and 24 hours of night for six months of the year.

Longitude is

If you were standing at 20° north latitude you would be within which latitudinal geographic zone?

If you were standing at 60° north latitude you would be within which latitudinal geographic zone?

A line connecting all points along the same longitudinal angle is called a

Longitude is conveniently determined at sea using

Which of the following is not true of meridians?

Which of the following is true of the prime meridian?

GPS units are

Global Positioning System (GPS) units A) recently found that the summit of Mt. Everest is 8850 m (29,035 feet) above sea level. B) are accurate to 10 m. C) are used by the military and surveyors. D) are used in agriculture. E) All of the above are true.

The letters A.M. stand for

The letters P.M. stand for

The letters A.M. and P.M. refer to the time at which

Which of the following is true of the length (as measured in kilometers) of a degree of latitude?

If City A is located west of City B, the time at City A is __________ than that at City B because Earth rotates from __________ when viewed from above the North Pole.

The difference in Sun time between two places located 30° in longitude apart from one another is

If a clock on a ship indicates that it is 2:00 P.M. in its home port, while another clock on the ship indicates that it is 12:00 noon at the ship's present location, what is the difference in longitude between the ship's position and its home port?

If you began a trip at 60° west, 20° north and traveled 120° farther west and 50° south, your new position would be

If it is 10:00 PM on July 3rd at 30° west, what date and time is it at 15° east?

Travelers flying west from Los Angeles (118° W) to Tokyo (139° E) will cross the __________ and, as a result, they will __________ when crossing this meridian.

Standard time zones

If it is 10:00 A.M. in Miami, Florida (Eastern time zone), what time is it in Los Angeles, California, located 3 time zones to the west in the Pacific Time zone?

Which of the following is true of the prime meridian just prior to the year 1884?

UTC refers to

Time is now precisely measured with primary standard clocks that are based on

The practice of setting time ahead or behind during the year, out of coordination with the Sun, is termed

Which of the following statements is true regarding Daylight Saving Time (DST)?

The earliest known maps date to __________ and were made by __________.

The part of geography that embodies map making is known as

A great circle is

Earth's equator is an example of

The scale of a map can be expressed by which of the following? A) representative fraction B) graphic scale C) written scale D) All of these are correct. E) None of these is correct.

A scale of 1:24,000 is regarded as

A scale of 1:20,900,000 is regarded as

If you wanted a map with a lot of detail of a small area you would want a

A map scale of 1:24,000 means that A) one inch on the map equals 24,000 inches on the ground. B) one centimeter on the map equals 24,000 centimeters on the ground. C) one foot on the map equals 24,000 feet on Earth. D) all of the above E) none of the above

Any orderly system of parallels and meridians drawn on a flat surface is called a

A scale given as "one centimeter to one kilometer" is an example of a

Which of the following is an example of an intermediate map scale?

Which type of map scale would be appropriate to use if the map were to be enlarged by photocopying?

The larger the scale of a map, the __________ the area covered by the map and the __________ detail it provides.

The larger the denominator in a representative fraction, the __________ the scale of the map.

The amount of detail on large scale maps is __________ on than on small scale maps.

Which of the following describes the property of equal area on a map?

Which of the following describes the property of true shape on a map?

Which of the following possesses all of Earth's properties of area, shape, direction, proximity, and distance, correctly?

In order to preserve area at high latitudes on a map, __________ must be used, and this requires that meridians and parallels __________.

A line of tangency (also called a standard line) is a line

Of the principal map projection classes, which cannot be generated using a physical-perspective approach, i.e., an approach based on the projection of the shadow of a wire-skeleton globe onto a geometric surface?

On which one of the following projections do great circle routes appear as straight lines?

On the Mercator projection, areas at high latitudes appear __________.

In plotting true magnetic compass readings (i.e., rhumb lines) between two points, which map projection is generally used?

The change in the proportional size of features at high latitudes on a Mercator map occurs because

Because of the type of distortion that occurs on a Mercator map, which of the following must be true? A) The map scale changes from one part of the map to another. B) One inch near the equator does not cover the same amount of distance as one inch near the poles. C) One square inch near the equator does not cover the same amount of area as one square inch near the poles. D) All of the above are true. E) None of the above are truethere is no distortion in a Mercator projection.

If you were preparing a map showing the distribution of world climates, which type of map projection would you want to use to allow accurate comparison of areas and regions?

Which of the following is a cylindrical map projection?

Which of the following is not a class of map projection?

An isoline denoting all points at the same elevation is called

A planimetric map

Which of the following is the most popular and widely used map prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey?

Remote sensing is

The use of aerial photographs to improve the accuracy of surface maps is called

Satellite images are based on

A satellite imaging system that beams electromagnetic energy at the surface and then records the energy that is reflected is classified as a(n) __________ system.

Which of the following is an example of an active remote sensing device?

Which of the following is false?

Which of the following is a capability of a geographic information system (GIS)? A) data storage B) data manipulation and analysis C) map production with overlays of different information layers D) all of the above E) A and B only

GIS is being used to A) monitor flood hazard areas. B) plan urban development. C) analyze crime trends. D) help fight wildfires. E) All of these are uses of GIS.

Which of the following is an advantage of a geographic information system? A) production of specialized maps suited to the needs of specific users B) rapid production of maps based on continuously updated information C) analysis of spatial information D) creation of data overlays showing the spatial relationships between two or more variables E) all of the above

Geography is a discipline defined by a specific body of content and subject matter rather than by an approach.

The essential approach in geographic studies is spatial analysis.

The geographic theme of place refers to absolute and relative position on Earth.

Areas that display a degree of uniformity are called regions.

Society's relationship to the environment is described by the geographic theme of location.

The spread of ash fallout worldwide from the Mount Pinatubo eruptions in 1991 in the Philippines is described under the principal geographic theme of movement.

The factors that comprise a system are known as variables.

Systems methodologies are not applicable to geographic analysis.

Photosynthesis in a plant leaf is an example of an open-system operation.

Positive feedback tends to amplify or encourage response in system operations.

Negative feedback tends to lead a system to self-regulation.

The "balance of nature" that characterizes well-functioning ecosystems occurs because of predominantly positive feedback mechanisms.

A model is essentially a simplification of natural systems.

Longitude measures distances east or west of a prime meridian on Earth's surface.

Latitude is the angular distance measured north or south of the equator from the center of Earth and it describes a parallel line on the surface.

"Longitude" is the name of an angle, and "meridian" is the name of an imaginary line that connects all points along the same longitude.

Latitude is easily determined using celestial objects whereas longitude is not easily calculated in such a manner and requires time-keeping devices.

Modern cartographers of this century were the first to lay out a map using grid coordinates, place north at the top of the map, and locate several thousand places on their maps.

Observers in the southern hemisphere use the North Star (Polaris) to determine their latitude.

Clocks that operated without a pendulum had to be invented before longitude at sea could be calculated.

Coordinated Universal Time is the present name for world standard time.

The prime meridian and the 180th meridian are opposite halves of the same great circle.

A meridian is 360° in length.

All parallels are 360° in length.

The day officially changes on Earth at the prime meridian.

If it is July 3rd in Tokyo (139° E), it is July 4th in Los Angeles (118° W)

When Daylight Saving Time is in effect, clocks "spring forward" one hour in the Spring (Example: 1:00 A.M. becomes 2:00 A.M.) and "fall back" one hour in the Fall (Example: 2:00 A.M. becomes 1:00 A.M.).

A great circle route is the shortest distance between any two points on Earth's surface.

If two cities are located at the same latitude of 20° north, the shortest path between them is along the 20° parallel.

Geographers consider maps to be "tools."

A map scale of 1:24,000 is considered a small scale as compared to a scale of 1:20,900,000, which is considered a large scale.

A written scale appears on maps as a bar graph.

A 12 inch-diameter globe has a smaller scale than a 33 inch globe.

The globe is the only map that accurately portrays all spatial relationships characteristic of Earth's surface.

Shearing allows for the preservation of area, but results in the distortion of shape.

As the distance from a line of tangency increases, the amount of distortion on a map also increases.

Cylindrical map projections, such as the Mercator, have a rectangular grid; i.e., parallels and meridians cross at right angles.

In order for shape to be preserved on a map, the parallels and meridians must intersect at right angles.

If a map has a standard parallel at 40° north, this means that the line of tangency for the map was at 40° north.

A gnomonic light source is located at the center of a globe.

A standard parallel is a line of tangency.

Maps that are intended to show spatial distributions should be based on projections that minimize area distortion, rather than shape distortion.

A circular surface area, when drawn on a map designed to preserve area, might appear as an oval.

A picture taken with film in a camera is an example of passive remote sensing.

A Landsat or weather satellite image is an example of passive remote sensing.

Pure science frequently involves the making of value judgments about the moral or political correctness of a fact, idea, or theory.

Scientific theories are capable of generating testing predictions.

Because scientific ideas are tested, they can be corrected when they are wrong.

GIS systems use satellites to find locations precisely.

GIS systems can create dynamic maps.

Passive remote sensing platforms include all but

Which of the following factors is a key strength of GIS?

Which of the following methods most governs geography?

The atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere are examples of

______ feedback acts to stabilize a system.

The major decision in selecting a map projection in deciding between

Lines of latitude run ______ to one another.

Our planet and our lives are powered by

Which of the following is true?

Which of the following is false?

Which of the following is true about the Milky Way galaxy in which we live? A) It is a spiral-shaped galaxy. B) It is one of millions of galaxies in the universe. C) It contains approximately 400 billion stars. D) All of the above are true. E) Only A and B are true

Which of the following is not true of galaxies?

The planetesimal hypothesis pertains to the formation of the

The planets in the solar system are believed to have formed as a result of a process known as __________ which is caused by __________.

The flattened structure of the Milky Way is revealed by

Earth and the Sun formed specifically from

The basic idea behind the planetesimal hypothesis is that

Which of the following is not true of stars?

Light travels at a speed of approximately

The plane of Earth's orbit about the Sun is called

Which of the following accurately describes Earth's distance from the Sun? A) The Earth-Sun distance averages 150 million kilometers (93 million miles). B) It takes light an average of 8 minutes and 20 seconds to travel from the Sun to Earth. C) Earth is closer to the Sun in January (perihelion) and farther away in July (aphelion). D) All of these are correct.

Which of the following is true? A) It takes light about 100,000 years to cross our galaxy. B) If you could see the most distant parts of our universe, you would be looking at least ten billion years back in time. C) Because of the distances to the stars, it is impossible to see stars "in the present." Each is seen at a different point in time in the past. D) All of the above are true. E) None of the above are true.

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Which of the following is true of Earth's orbit about the Sun?

Earth's diameter is

Of all the matter in the Solar System,

The Sun produces which of the following?

During the process by which energy is produced inside of stars,

Stars give off electromagnetic radiation because

The solar wind consists principally of

Which of the following is not true of sunspots?

A magnetic disturbance on the Sun's surface is called

On its way to Earth, the solar wind first encounters

Earth's magnetosphere is generated by

Auroras A) have been seen as far south as Jamaica. B) are created by solar wind interacting with the magnetosphere. C) are related to sunspot activity. D) are an important component of Earth's energy budget. E) A, B, and C only

The auroras in the upper atmosphere are caused by

Which of the following is not a consequence of the solar wind?

Which of the following is true of the relationship between sunspots and certain cyclic weather effects?

Which of the following have been correlated with sunspot cycles? A) abnormally wet years B) droughts C) both A and B D) none of the above

Experiments involving pieces of aluminum foil placed on the lunar surface by the Apollo XI astronauts proved that

The idea that a butterfly flapping its wings in Brazil could produce a tornado in Texas is a notion suggested by

Chaos theory A) shows that the order seen in nature is the result of chaos. B) looks at non-linear and unpredictable behavior of systems. C) proves that all events are random. D) A and B E) B and C

Studies of deterministic systems suggests that

Radio waves have a __________ wavelength than visible light and are therefore __________ energetic.

Which of the following is true of the Sun's electromagnetic spectrum?

The two main portions of the solar spectrum which enter the atmosphere are

The dominant wavelength of energy emitted by the Sun is

Which of the following is not true of electromagnetic energy?

Which of the following is correctly matched?

The dominant wavelength emitted by Earth is

Which of the following sequences is arranged in order from shorter wavelength to longer wavelength?

The thermopause refers to

Intercepted solar radiation is called

1372 watts per square meter (2 calories per cm2 per minute) refers to the

The solar constant is measured at

Which of the following is true relative to net radiation at the thermopause?

The solar constant is the value obtained

A langley is

The uneven distribution of insolation by latitude is primarily a result of

High latitudes receive less energy than the equatorial regions because A) the orientation of Earth's surface relative to the Sun's rays diminishes the intensity of solar radiation at high latitudes. B) the Sun's rays must pass through more atmosphere at higher latitudes. C) both A and B D) none of the aboveeach latitude receives the same amount of energy at the surface

What is the name of the location on the surface of Earth that receives insolation when the Sun is directly overhead? (When this occurs, the Sun's rays are perpendicular to this surface.)

Which of the following is correct relative to insolation at the thermopause?

On the northern hemisphere's summer solstice, the north polar region receives __________ daily insolation than areas nearer the equator because __________.

The term "net radiation" refers to

The amount of energy received above the South Pole during the southern hemisphere's summer solstice is __________ than that received above the North Pole during the northern hemisphere's summer solstice because __________.

Changes in daylength and the Sun's altitude above the horizon over the course of the year

Astronauts deployed a solar wind measuring experiment on the Moon because

At all times during the year, the circle of illumination

Which of the following is not true?

Which of the following results from radiation imbalances at different latitudes? A) hurricanes B) global winds C) ocean currents D) A, B, and C E) none of the above

The Sun's altitude refers to

The Sun's declination refers to

The sun's declination migrates through

Which of the following is true of the number of hours of daylight?

Which of the following is true regarding daylength?

Which of the following characterizes Earth's revolution?

Which of the following cannot be attributed to the effects of Earth's rotation?

Earth's rotation is described as

Which of the following is true regarding Earth's axis?

Which of the following is not true regarding rotational velocities at different latitudes?

In Figure 2.76, what position corresponds to the winter solstice for observers in the northern hemisphere? (Assume north is toward the top of the page.)

According to Figure 2.76, at what position does the Sun cross the planet's equator moving south, and what is the name for this position in the northern hemisphere?

According to Figure 2.76, given the tilt of the axis (20°), the Arctic Circle would be located at

According to Figure 2.76, given the tilt of the axis (20°), the Tropic of Capricorn would be located at

According to Figure 2.76, at what position would daylight last for 24 hours for observers located north of the Arctic Circle?

According to Figure 2.76, at what two locations would daylight last for 12 hours for all locations on the planet?

According to Figure 2.76, if the hypothetical planet requires 20 months to complete one orbit around the star, how many months after the Summer Solstice would the Sun cross the equator moving north?

While standing at the Tropic of Cancer, Emma's shadow points north at noon (Sun time). Based on this, which of the following can be definitely concluded?

On June 21, the Sun never sets at Finn's location. Based on this, it can be concluded that Finn lives

Which of the following statements is true?

During which time period would the number of daylight hours always be greater than, or equal to, the number of nighttime hours for observers in the northern hemisphere?

The Tropic of Cancer refers to

The equinox

The Tropic of Capricorn refers to

The longest days of the year in the Southern Hemisphere are experienced during the Northern Hemisphere's

The longest days of the year in the Northern Hemisphere are experienced during the

Which of the following relationships is incorrect?

According to the text, which of the following is true regarding the point of sunrise for a location in the northern hemisphere?

Which of the following is true regarding dawn and twilight?

On June 21st, the Sun's declination is at

The Solar System, Sun, and Earth formed about 4.6 to 5 billion years ago.

Our galaxy contains about 400 billion stars.

The most distant galaxies yet observed are at least 10 billion light years away.

At the speed of light, Earth is an average of only 8 minutes and 20 seconds from the Sun.

If we can see galaxies 12 billion light years away, that means that the universe must be at least 12 billion years old because that is how long it took the light from these galaxies to reach us.

Earth is at perihelion in early January when it is closest to the Sun.

We live on a continent on a small planet, that orbits about an average star, that is located near the trailing edge of a galaxy, that is in a local group of galaxies in the Universe.

Earth is farthest from the Sun at perihelion and closest at aphelion.

A plane intersecting all points of Earth's orbit is called the plane of the Sun.

The Sun and Earth formed from a collapsing cloud of dust and gas.

The planetesimal hypothesis has no observational evidence to support it.

The modern atmosphere, with the amount of oxygen that exists today, developed as early as 600 million years ago.

Energy is liberated within the Sun's interior through a process known as nuclear fusion.

Sunspots are associated with magnetic storms.

The Sun emits streams of charged particles that are collectively referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum.

The electromagnetic spectrum of radiant energy travels in waves at the speed of light in all directions from the Sun.

Large magnetic disturbances on the Sun's surface are called sunspots and produce increased amounts of solar wind.

Sunspots vary in a cycle from 7 to 17 years, averaging 11 years from a maximum to maximum peak.

Auroras in the upper atmosphere are stimulated by streams of charged (ionized) particles emitted by the Sun.

There is no evidence for a correlation between sunspot activity and weather conditions on Earth.

The correct order for wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from shortest to longest is: X-rays, infrared, radio waves, visible light, and ultraviolet.

The Sun produces more gamma rays than Earth.

Insolation occurs primarily in the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum.

Intercepted solar energy is called insolation and is measured as the solar constant at the top of the atmosphere.

The uneven distribution of insolation at the thermopause is caused by Earth's curvature, with only the subsolar point receiving sunlight from directly overhead.

The amount of the solar energy received by a given location is not really constantit varies depending upon the season and Earth's distance from the Sun.

All points on Earth's surface experience the subsolar point at some moment during the year.

The seasons are caused by the changing amounts of energy received at Earth as a result of Earth's elliptical orbit.

The 28-ton stones assembled at Stonehenge in England were evidently used by ancients to mark seasonal changes. In other words, Stonehenge is an ancient calendar.

The Sun's height in the sky above the horizon is termed its altitude.

Seasonality involves the variability of both daylength and the altitude of the Sun.

Rotation is Earth's motion on its axis; revolution is its motion about the Sun.

Earth's axis is tilted 23.5° from a perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic.

Earth's spherical shape is not a factor with regards to seasonality.

Earth rotates east to west, or clockwise, when viewed from above the North Pole.

The subsolar point is at the Tropic of Cancer on December 21.

All places on Earth receive the same period of day and night on March 21.

The Sun is directly overhead north of 23.5° north latitude twice a year.

The duration of dawn and twilight tends to increase with increasing latitude.

On the northern hemisphere's summer solstice, the north polar region receives more total daily energy than the equator.

Chaos theory suggests that it will be possible to predict the occurrence of storms months in advance.

According to Chaos theory, seemingly random, unpredictable events can occur in a deterministic universe.

The magnetosphere deflects the solar wind toward Earth's two poles.

According to Chaos theory, weather systems are insensitive to small fluctuations in air pressure.

Which of the following statements regarding the seasons is incorrect?

Which of the following is correct?

Which of the following statements is correct?

Which of the following statements regarding the march of the seasons is correct?

The passage of shortwave and longwave energy through the atmosphere or water is an example of

What is the name for solar energy that is intercepted by Earth?

Which of the following is true of insolation? A) It is the only energy input driving Earth's atmospheric system. B) It consists of diffuse radiation. C) It consists of direct radiation. D) All of the above are true. E) None of the above are true.

Earth's main energy inputs are

Which of the following is correctly matched?

The insolation received at Earth's surface is

Which two gases are primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect because of their ability to absorb infrared energy?

When light passes from one medium to another,

When light passes from space into the atmosphere, it changes __________ in a process known as __________.

Mirages (such as the appearance of "water" on a dry, hot road) are caused by A) differences in the air temperature of layers near the surface. B) differences in the air density of layers near the surface. C) refraction. D) all of the above. E) B and C only.

Because of the process known as __________ the Sun appears above the horizon __________ it has actually risen.

The reflective quality of a surface is known as its

The albedo of a surface is a measure of which of the following processes?

Which of the following has the highest albedo?

If the surface of Earth were to suddenly turn white, the temperature of the planet would __________ because __________ insolation would be absorbed.

Earth's average overall albedo is

Which of the following has the lowest albedo?

Which of the following is true of the albedo of water?

The average amount of energy absorbed within the atmosphere (by atmospheric gases, dust, and clouds) totals

Energy that is reflected from the atmosphere

If the amount of cloud cover increases in response to greenhouse warming, this will __________ Earth's albedo and promote __________. (For this question, assume that albedo effects dominate the temperature response.)

An increase in the amount of high altitude, thin clouds would

Air pollution acts to __________ the albedo of cities and therefore __________ the urban heat island effect.

Which of the following is related to Earth's albedo?

The sky (lower tropopause) appears blue in color because of

According to the principle of Rayleigh scattering, which of the following is true?

The sky is blue because

On a cloudy day, Earth's surface receives

The sky on Venus is yellow in color. This means that

The Mount Pinatubo eruption in June 1991 affected the atmosphere in which of the following ways? A) The atmospheric albedo increased. B) An increase occurred in the amount of energy absorbed in the atmosphere. C) A worldwide decrease in surface temperatures occurred in the two years after the eruption. D) All of these were effects of the eruption. E) None of these effects occurred.

When a surface assimilates radiation, the process is called

Conduction refers to

If a surface absorbs insolation,

While in orbit above Earth's atmosphere, the Space Shuttle often opens its cargo bay doors in order to reflect energy and thereby prevent the shuttle from over-heating. The energy that must be dealt with in this manner is transferred from the Sun to the shuttle by

A vertical air current that is generated by temperature-induced density differences is an example of heat transfer by

The analogy of a greenhouse is

Which of the following is false relative to the Earth-atmosphere radiation system?

On the average, which of the following is true regarding the distribution of shortwave and longwave energy at Earth's surface by latitude?

A graph showing the relationship between insolation and air temperature through the course of day shows

The relationship between the insolation curve and the air temperature curve on a graph of daily surface energy

The science that specifically studies the climate at or near Earth's surface is

The time of maximum daily temperature occurs

Net radiation (NET R) refers to

In the surface energy budget, the term - SW represents

The principal expenditures of NET R from a moist, nonvegetated surface are

Consider the continent of Greenland, which is located at high latitudes and is covered to a depth of thousands of feet by glaciers. Given these facts, which of the following is true regarding its energy budget? A) The + SW (insolation) term is large. B) The - SW (albedo) term is large. C) The + LW (incoming longwave infrared energy) term is small. D) both A and B E) both B and C

Which of the following would be true for the net radiation balance in a midlatitude location?

Longwave radiation (+ LW) arriving at the surface

Which of the following combinations of NET R terms would be associated with a hot, dry climate? (+ SW = insolation; - SW = albedo; LE = latent heat of evaporation)

Sensible heat transfer (H) refers to energy transfer between the air and the surface by

When water evaporates from a surface, which of the following occurs? A) Energy is stored within the water. B) Energy is removed from the surface. C) The surface is cooled. D) All of the above occur.

The highest annual values for latent heat of evaporation (LE) on land occur in the tropics because A) there is a net annual energy surplus there. B) rainfall makes water available for evaporation from soils. C) the dark color of forests (as opposed to sandy soils) results in the absorption of heat energy by vegetation. D) all of the above are true. E) B and C are true.

Over the ocean, the highest annual values for latent heat of evaporation (LE) occur in the

When water evaporates, the energy that was used to evaporate the water

Which of the following terms links Earth's energy, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere?

In terms of latitudinal distribution, the highest annual value for LE over land

Which of the following is true of the daily surface energy balances for El Mirage (desert location at and Pitt Meadows (Pacific coast location at 49° N)?

Which of the following is not responsible for the urban heating effect?

Which of the following is false?

Which of the following is true regarding anthropogenic heat production in cities?

Which of the following is not associated with urban environments?

Which of the following is true?

Which of the following is not true of solar energy?

Which is false regarding solar energy?

Solar cookers could replace __________ as an affordable source of energy in rural villages in third world countries.

Which of the following can serve as passive solar energy collectors? A) brick walls B) water containers C) concrete D) A, B, and C E) None of the above.

As regards solar energy, mirrors are used to

Insolation is the only source of energy that is ultimately responsible for heating the atmosphere and driving weather phenomena.

The reflective quality of a surface is called its albedo and is expressed as a percentage.

Refraction is responsible for rainbows and mirages.

The rougher a surface, the higher its albedo.

Energy that is reflected from Earth's surface plays a substantial role in heating the atmosphere.

High latitudes have a higher albedo in winter than do low latitudes.

The greater the albedo of a surface, the less it is heated by insolation.

The Moon has an average albedo similar to asphalt and black top.

Earth's blue sky is a result of diffuse reflection called scattering.

On a cloudy day, the downward component of scattered light is called refraction.

The assimilation of radiation and its conversion from one form to another is termed absorption.

The sky is blue because the atmosphere absorbs blue light more than other visible wavelengths.

Heat energy flows from objects that are hot to those that are cold.

A daily temperature curve exhibits a lag of about three hours relative to an insolation curve.

The coldest time of the year occurs in December at the time of the winter solstice.

NET R refers to the balance of all radiationboth shortwave and longwave.

Relative to expenditures of NET R, LE refers to the amount of energy that went for turbulent sensible heat transfer.

Latent heat of evaporation (LE) is the dominant expenditure of Earth's entire net radiation budget.

The average building in the United States does not receive enough energy to heat it.

The energy received in just 35 minutes at the surface of the United States exceeds the amount of energy derived from the burning of fossil fuels in a year.

In third world countries, there is a pressing need for centralized energy sources, such as nuclear reactors or large-scale hydroelectric projects.

Photovoltaic systems are generally cost-competitiveespecially when the environmental costs associated with fossil fuels and nuclear energy are factored into cost assessments.

The CERES program studies the reflection and emission of radiation by clouds.

Engineers involved in photovoltaic research generally say that the laws of physics prevent the development of photovoltaic cells that are more efficient than the ones currently available.

The Earth atmosphere energy budget

Areas with high sensible heat and high latent heat

Which of the following statements regarding albedo is correct?

Which of the following statements regarding energy is Earth's atmosphere is correct?

The greenhouse effect

Which of the following statements regarding clouds and Earth's "greenhouse" is correct?

Which of the following climatic factors decreases as a result of urbanization?

The graph of insolation and air temperature

Air consists of A) a mixture of gases that behaves as if it were a single gas. B) gases that are not well mixed. C) oxygen only. D) all of the above.

Lewis Thomas, in his book The Lives of the Cell, compared Earth's atmosphere to

Which is not true of Earth's atmosphere?

Life is possible on Earth primarily because

Our atmosphere acts like the membrane of a cell because it A) protects the delicate inner workings (life on Earth). B) blocks all inputs to Earth. C) blocks inputs very selectively. D) A and B. E) A and C.

Three criteria used for classification of the atmosphere explained in the text are

Based on composition, the atmosphere is divided into

Based on temperature, the atmosphere is divided into

Based on function, the atmosphere has

The outermost region of the atmosphere, based on composition, is the

The heterosphere is the layer of the atmosphere in which the gases are __________ because of __________.

Which of the following is true of gases in the heterosphere?

The region of the atmosphere that is so evenly mixed that it behaves as if it were a single gas is the

The thermopause is located

The highest temperatures in the atmosphere occur in the __________ because __________.

The solar constant is measured at

The thermosphere closely corresponds to the A) ionosphere. B) heterosphere. C) homosphere. D) exosphere. E) both A and B

When the Sun is active,

The thermosphere expands in size during periods when the Sun is __________ because __________.

The high temperature in the upper thermosphere

Which of the following is true of the ionosphere?

The thermosphere and the ionosphere __________ because __________.

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of gases, from most to least, in terms of percentage within the homosphere?

Which of the following is true regarding the depletion of ozone in the ozonosphere?

The ozonosphere is critical to life because it

The three stable (i.e., nonvariable) gases in the atmosphere, in order of abundance from most to least, are

The two most abundant gases in the atmosphere are

Nitrogen (N2) is

Which of the following is true of nitrogen?

About half of Earth's crust consists of compounds containing

Oxygen (O2) is

Which is true of the amount of CO2 in our atmosphere? A) The level of CO2 is currently over 386 ppm. B) The level of CO2 has been increasing at the rate of 3.1% per year since 2000. C) The level of CO2 increased at the rate of 1.1% per year from 1990 to 1999. D) The level of CO2 is higher than at any time in the past 800,000 years. E) They are all true

Which is true of the level of CO2 in our atmosphere?

Temperatures within the stratosphere

The percentages of various gases in the atmosphere indicate that the composition of the atmosphere is controlled

Which stable (nonvariable) gas in the atmosphere is derived from the radioactive decay of potassium-40 (40K)?

A by-product of photosynthesis is

Which of the gases listed below has accumulated in the atmosphere as a result of biological processes?

Which gas in the atmosphere is used by plants to form sugars, is soluble in water, and makes rain naturally acidic?

Which of the following is not true of carbon dioxide?

Temperatures increase with increasing altitude in what two atmospheric layers?

Temperatures decrease with increasing altitude in what two atmospheric layers?

Temperatures in the stratosphere __________ with increasing altitude because __________.

Temperatures increase in the stratosphere because __________.

The highest temperatures in the atmosphere occur in the __________ because __________.

The high temperatures in the thermosphere occur because __________.

Which layer of the atmosphere contains noctilucent clouds?

Noctilucent clouds consist of ice crystals that form around

Which of the following is true of the mesosphere? A) It contains clouds that are visible at night. B) Windstorms involving wind velocities in excess of 320 kmph (200 mph) occur in this layer. C) It is the coldest layer of the atmosphere. D) All of the above are true. E) None of the above are true.

Dr. Rowland and Dr. Molina

Which of the following is true of chlorofluorocarbons? A) They have been used as propellants in spray cans. B) They are used in refrigeration systems. C) They are used to make foam products. D) All of the above are true. E) B and C only

Which of the following is true of chlorofluorocarbons?

Which of the following is not true of the ozone hole?

Which of the following is true of the stratospheric ozone? A) The most severe loss of ozone occurred during 2006. B) UV radiation at Ushuaia, Argentina increased 236%. C) The "ozone hole" is now three times larger than the United States D) Ozone depletion is also occurring over the Arctic. E) All of the above true

Which of the following are affected by the loss of ozone? A) crop yields B) phytoplankton populations C) immune systems D) eye tissues E) All of these are correct.

Increased levels of ultraviolet light at Earth's surface A) pose a threat of skin cancer to all races. B) are related to an increasing rate of skin cancer. C) have been identified as causing damage to oceanic life forms. D) are tied to the general reduction in stratospheric ozone. E) All of these are correct.

Which of the following is not true of ozone?

Which of the following is true regarding ozone depletion in Antarctica?

The atmospheric portion of the biosphere occurs in the

Directly above the midlatitudes, the tropopause (-57°C) occurs at approximately:

The tropopause occurs at a __________ elevation above the tropics than above the poles because __________.

Which of the following is correct regarding lapse rates in the troposphere?

Weather is confined to the troposphere because

Which of the following can cause tropospheric air to rise into the stratosphere? A) turbulence associated with the jet streams B) hurricanes C) volcanic eruptions D) all of the above E) none of the aboveit is impossible for this to happen

The problem of air pollution was first reported during

Variable atmospheric components refer to

Temperature inversions occur

Which of the following can lead to a temperature inversion? A) air drainage into mountain valleys B) radiative cooling of the ground at night C) a lowering of the stratosphere during periods of low Sun activity D) all of the above E) A and B only

Sources of natural variable gases and materials include all of the following except

With regards to carbon monoxide (CO), which of the following is false?

At CO levels of 100 ppm or less,

Carbon monoxide is potentially dangerous because it

The reaction of automobile exhaust and ultraviolet light

Photochemical smog developed with the advent of

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is

Photochemical reactions produce

What three pollutants react in the presence of sunlight to produce ozone?

Oxygen3 in the lower troposphere

Which of the following results from the anthropogenic production of ozone in the lower atmosphere? A) oxidation of paint B) premature aging of rubber C) premature aging of paper D) damage to plants E) all of the above

Which of the following statements about ozone is false?

The single major source for photochemical reactants in the United States are

PAN in the lower troposphere

Industrial smog is

Which of the following is false regarding sulfur dioxide (SO2)?

Natural rainfall is often slightly acidic. The natural acidity primarily results from the interaction of water with

In the lower atmosphere, H2SO4 is

The oxides of sulfur and nitrogen A) lead to the formation of airborne sulfuric and nitric acid. B) form acids that are deposited in both dry and wet forms. C) are produced by industry and transportation. D) are causing major environmental problems in Europe and Asia. E) All of these choices are true.

What two pollutants react with water to produce acid rain?

Which of the following is true regarding acid deposition?

Which of the following is a consequence of acid rain? A) the dying of forests B) damage to aquatic ecosystems (rivers and lakes) C) changes in soil chemistry D) All of the above. E) A and B only.

The lower the pH of a liquid

Rain with a pH of 3 is how many times more acidic than rain with a pH of 7?

A tentative label for Earth's next distinct atmosphere is the

Which of the following is false?

Which of the following is true?

At sea level, the pressure of the atmosphere is about __________ kg per square centimeter, or __________ pounds per square inch.

Half of Earth's atmosphere lies below an elevation of __________ meters.

Of the people who die in the United States each year, roughly __________ percent were killed by air pollution.

The main ingredient in photochemical smog is

Particulate matter

According to the EPA, the direct benefits of the Clean Air Act are worth

Which is not true of air pollution?

The Clean Air Act A) has cost $523 billion to implement. B) has saved roughly $22.2 trillion. C) has been repeatedly threatened by congress. D) saved 206,000 lives in 1990 alone. E) All of the above are true.

The Clean Air Act

Which of the following is false regarding the Clean Air Act?

Between 1970 and 1996, this pollutant saw increased emissions in the United States.

The Clean Air Act saved about __________ lives in 1990.

Weather (rain, fog, storms, etc.) occurs primarily in the troposphere.

Based on the criteria of composition, the atmosphere is divided into two broad regions: the ionosphere and the ozonosphere.

The heterosphere has a layered structure, whereas the homosphere occurs as an even mixture of gases.

Given that the temperature of the thermosphere is more than 1200°C (2000°F), it would melt a spacecraft that stayed within it.

When the Sun is active, the thermosphere increases in size.

The ionosphere resides principally within the thermosphere, and the ozonosphere resides within the stratosphere.

The aurora occur primarily in the exosphere.

The principal gases of the homosphere (by volume) are nitrogen, helium, and argon.

The ozone layer protects Earth's surface from most of the incoming ultraviolet radiation.

The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is higher than it has ever been for the last 800,000 years.

Depletion of the ozone layer is happening principally because of natural circulation dynamics in the upper atmosphere, not chemical reactions.

Carbon dioxide is currently increasing at the rate of 3.1% per year.

The first major statement proposing the interaction of CFCs and stratospheric ozone was made in the 1970s.

As soon as the theoretical basis for ozone destruction by CFCs was worked out, political leaders in the United States immediately proposed legislation to ban the production of all CFCs.

Bromine is more effective at destroying ozone than are CFCs.

The normal lapse rate for temperature decreases is an average of 3°C per 1000 m.

Both nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide are principally produced by automobiles.

Problems with air pollution occurred as far back in time as the Roman period (2000 years ago).

Nature produces more pollution than does humankind.

The fact that nature produces more pollution than humans do means that anthropogenic pollution is insignificant, and we need not worry about it.

Pollution generated in one country can cause problems in other countries.

Atmospheric circulation ultimately connects all places on Earth to one another.

The higher the UV Index, the faster a person will sunburn.

Skin damage resulting from exposure to the Sun is cumulative; i.e., the skin never completely heals from previous sunburns.

Photochemical smog results from the interaction of sunlight with the combustion products of automobiles.

Photochemistry produces ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrates (PAN), which are both damaging to plants.

Severe pollution conditions tend to develop during periods of stormy weather; i.e., during periods dominated by low pressure systems.

More than half the air pollution in the United States is produced by automobiles.

Normal rainfall has a neutral pH.

Acid rain with a pH comparable to that of lemon juice has fallen in the United States.

It is estimated that acid rain costs the United States, Canada and Europe approximately $50 billion each year.

Air pressure is produced through the motion, size, and number of air molecules.

The atmosphere exerts an average force of approximately 1 kg/cm2 (14.7 lbs/in2) at sea level.

Approximately fifty percent of the atmosphere is compressed by gravity below an elevation of 5500 m (18,000 ft).

Air pressure is only exerted downward.

Captain Kittenger came close to the speed of sound during his record-breaking sky dive.

Air pollution can easily cross national boundaries.

So far, the Arctic region has been free of air pollution.

Ozone is the main ingredient of photochemical smog.

A decline in sulfur dioxide has led to a lower pH in precipitation in the Mid-Atlantic states.

Particulate matter has been associated with higher medical expenses.

The Clean Air Act actually saves fewer than 1000 lives per year.

The Clean Air Act has not been cost effective.

Average air temperatures worldwide

Air temperature is a measure of the presence of which of the following?

Kinetic energy refers to

As the kinetic energy of the air increases,

Official temperatures are measured using thermometers placed in shelters that are A) louvered and white. B) placed a few feet above the ground. C) placed in the shade. D) all of the above. E) none of the above.

Official temperature measurements are taken in shelters that

The principal controls and influences of temperature patterns include

The single most important control on temperature is

Relative to latitude and surface energy receipts, which of the following is true?

Based on information discussed earlier in the course, you know that seasonal variation in daylength __________ with increasing distance from the equator because __________.

In general, as distance from the subsolar point increases, the average annual insolation __________ and the average annual temperature __________.

Based on information discussed previously in the course, you know that average temperatures in the troposphere __________ with increasing elevation because the atmosphere is heated __________.

6.4°C/1000 m (3.5°F/1000 ft.) refers to

Air pressure at 5500 m (18,000 ft.) is __________ (percent) of that at sea level.

Which of the following is true regarding locations at high elevations?

At night, temperatures at high elevations decrease __________ than at lower elevations because __________.

Which of the following is true regarding La Paz or Concepción, Bolivia?

The people of La Paz, Bolivia can grow wheat and barely at an elevation of 4103 m (13,461 ft.) because A) the air is thicker than normal at their location and it therefore traps more heat energymaking the climate much warmer than would be expected based on its location. B) La Paz is located fairly close to the equator. C) daylength does not vary much at La Paz and this provides relatively uniform temperatures throughout the year. D) all of the above are true. E) B and C are true.

If the temperature at the surface of Earth (at sea level) is 100°F, what is the temperature at 2000 feet if the normal lapse rate is 3.5°F/1000 feet?

If the temperature at the surface of Earth (at sea level) is 40°C, what is the temperature at 2000 m if the normal lapse rate is 6.4°C/1000 m?

The temperature control that specifically relates to opaqueness is

The temperature control that includes the heat capacity of a substance is

Which of the following is true regarding clouds?

The temperature on a cloudy night is likely to be __________ those on a clear nightall other factors being equal.

Evaporation

According to the text, the ocean temperature rarely rises above 31°C (88°F) because of __________ feedback caused by __________.

Transparency

The temperature difference between the surface and a point 10 feet below the surface is __________ for land than for water because __________.

The rate at which temperature decreases below the surface of water is __________ than that at which it decreases below the surface of land because __________.

The land surface cools off more rapidly at night than water does because A) the energy is stored in a shallow layer near the surface of the land, and so it can be radiated away faster. B) the amount of energy stored in the land is less than that stored in the water column. C) all of the above are true. D) None of the aboveland does not cool off more rapidly than water at night.

Which of the following is true regarding the specific heat of land and water?

Land has a __________ specific heat than water and therefore heats more __________.

The mean (average) temperature of a given location on Earth is controlled primarily by its __________ whereas its temperature range is controlled primarily by its __________.

As a result of the characteristics of water, cities located near a coast should experience a temperature range that is __________ those of cities located in the interior at the same latitude.

Both City A and City B are located at the same latitude and the same amount of cloud cover. City A has a mean annual temperature of 27°C and a temperature range of 22°C. City B has a mean annual temperature of 26°C and a temperature range of 14°C. Which city is located in the interior of the continent?

During summer, cities located near the coast are __________ than those in the interior at the same latitude, while in the winter they are __________.

In general, more moderate temperature patterns

The Gulf Stream

Which of the following results from convection currents?

If the Gulf Stream shifted away from Iceland and England, winter temperatures in these locations would

The cool ocean currents that flow along the west coasts of continents promote

The Western Pacific Warm Pool

The highest temperature recorded on Earth to date was in

The lowest temperature recorded on Earth to date was in

Relative to marine versus continental effects on temperature, Vancouver is to Wichita as

Which of the following would experience the least continentality?

Which of the following experiences the greatest continentality?

Which one of the following cities experiences temperatures of 32.2°C (90°F) or higher at least 65 days each year?

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

The greatest annual temperature ranges are characteristic of places like

An isoline that connects all points of highest mean temperature on a world map is called

An isoline that connects all points of the same temperature on a map is called

Which of the following is true of the thermal equator during the month of July?

The lowest natural temperature on Earth (-89.2°C, -128.56°F) was recorded at

The highest natural temperature on Earth (+58°C, 136°F) was recorded at

The highest maximum temperatures recorded on Earth occur in interior deserts during July because A) insolation is greater than at other latitudes. B) the skies are cloudless. C) little evaporation occurs to supply moisture to the atmosphere. D) all of the above are true. E) B and C are true.

Which of the following is true?

The annual temperature range map in your text shows that the

Our individual perception of temperature is termed

Which of the following is false regarding our perception and response to temperature?

The effects of wind and temperature on the human skin is called the

Which of the following is an effect of high temperature exposure?

As reported by the National Weather Service, the heat index

The warmest years in the history of weather instruments were

Which of the following is true regarding future temperatures?

The amount of heat energy present in any substance is expressed as its

-273°C (-459.4°F) is

The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales only coincide at: [°C ? °F = (°C × 1.8) + 32]

The Celsius scale

The best thermometer to use where temperatures drop below -39°C (-38.2°F) is

The wind-chill index

Which is true of climate change in polar regions?

Which is true of climate change in polar regions?

Which of the following is false? A) The IPCC's AR4 states that warming of the climate system is unequivocal. B) Twelve of the last 13 years, 1995--2007, rank among the warmest years in instrumental records stretching back to 1850. C) By the end of the 21st century, large portions of Earth's surface may experience climates not found at present. D) The Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on Earth. E) All of the above are true.

Air temperature is an indication of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules within the atmosphere.

The flow of temperature into an object raises its heat.

Water has more than one freezing point.

Official temperature measurements are made in black, sealed boxes placed on the ground surface in direct sunlight.

Monthly mean temperatures are made by taking the average of the highest and lowest temperatures of the month. [(maximum monthly temperature + minimum monthly temperature)/2]

More people died of hyperthermia in Chicago in 1995 than in all of the hurricanes that struck the United States over a twenty-year period from 1975 to 1995.

There is as yet no scientific consensus concerning the idea that Earth is warming as a result of human activities.

Temperatures are usually quite uniform and unchanging with altitude.

The subsolar point migrates annually between 47° N and 47° S latitude.

The average annual temperature of a location is controlled primarily by latitude.

The normal lapse rate of temperature change is 6.4 C°/1000 m (3.5°/1000 ft).

Air pressure decreases by 50 percent at an elevation of 5500 m (18,000 ft).

Average air temperatures at higher elevations are generally higher, with smaller differences between areas of direct sunlight and shadow.

Snow lines generally occur at lower elevations with increasing latitude.

Clouds moderate temperatures producing lower daily maximums and higher nightly minimums.

If you went for a walk on a hot beach, you could cool your feet off substantially by digging them into the sand.

Because water has a higher specific heat than land, it cools more quickly.

You would expect a tropical island to have a high degree of continentality.

Maritime influences tend to decrease both daily and monthly temperature ranges.

Ocean currents along midlatitude west coasts, even near deserts, are cool.

In winter, isotherms over the interior of Northern Hemisphere continents trend equatorward.

The all-time highest and lowest temperatures were both recorded on the Eurasian landmass.

Verkhoyansk is the city with the greatest annual temperature range on Earth.

The highest temperatures on Earth are associated with the intense heating in subtropical deserts.

The Southern Hemisphere is dominated by maritime influences, whereas the Northern Hemisphere is dominated by continentality.

Normal body temperature has been recently determined to be 36.8°C (98.2°F).

At higher temperatures, the human body tends to experience a decrease in muscle tone and urine volume.

Hypothermia is a condition characterized by excessively high body temperature.

Ocean temperatures near San Francisco reached record levels prior to the 1997 El Niño.

Wind-chill index assumes a person is appropriately dressed for the weather.

By the end of the 21st century, large portions of Earth's surface may experience climates not found at present.

Air temperature is a measure of which of the following properties of the air?

Which of the following statements regarding the effects of elevation on temperature is correct?

Which of the following statements is correct?

Which of the following statements regarding the annual range of temperatures is correct?

Land-water heating differences

Which of the following regions would have the greatest range of temperatures?

The annual temperature range of a location on Earth

Which of the following statements regarding temperature is correct?

The January mean temperature map shows that

For every unit of solar energy absorbed by Earth,

If an atmosphere condition delayed the emission of longwave radiation to space,

Physical transfers of energy occur through

What does the double-ended arrow in the figure represent?

Which of the following can we expect more of in an urban environment compared with a nearby area A) less snow B) more precipitation C) less radiation D) higher year-round temperatures E) all the above

2C=F-32 C+273=K 0K=273C