Anatomy - Exam 2 Practice Questions - Bone

3 In childhood, the hip bone consists of 3 separate bones. The bones fuse together to become the adult hip.

Ilium. The ilium is the largest region of this bone. It articulates with the sacrum at the articular surface.

Ischial tuberosity. The ischial tuberosity is the thickened inferior surface of the ischium. When we sit our weight is distributed to the chair through the ischial tuberosities.

Right and left pubic bodies. The pubic bodies of the right and left hip bones articulate to form the pubic symphysis.

Ilium. The ilium makes up the biggest region of the hip bone.

Acetabulum. The acetabulum is the socket for the femur. It is formed by a fusion of all 3 regions that make up the hip bone.

Obturator foramen. The obturator foramen is the largest circular hole in the hip bone. A few blood vessels and nerves pass through the part of the obturator foramen that isn't sealed off by a fibrous membrane.

Iliac crest. The iliac crest forms the large flaring superior border of the ilium that ends at the anterior superior iliac spine in the front of the hip bone and the posterior superior iliac spine in the back.

Sacral region. The hip bones articulate with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.

Femur. The head of the femur articulates in the acetabulum of the hip bone, forming one of the largest ball and socket joints in the body.

FALSE.

TRUE.

FALSE.

Lateral. The radius runs parallel to the ulna on the lateral surface of the forearm.

Head. The round, flat disc shaped head of the radius pivots around the ulna at the radial notch of the ulna, allowing supination and pronation of the forearm.

Styloid Process. The styloid process of the radius is a pointed elongation of the epiphysis at the distal end of the bone. It articulates with the carpals at the wrist.

1. The radius runs parallel to the ulna on the same side as the thumb

Pivot. The head of the radius pivots around the ulna at the radial notch, allowing supination and pronation of the forearm.

Supination. The head of the radius pivots around the ulna permitting supination and pronation of the forearm.

Body. The disk shaped bodies of vertebrae are stable and stackable. Most weight is distributed in this region.

Spinous process. The spinous process extends posteriorly in a median plane. It serves as a site of muscle and ligament attachment.

Inferior articular processes. The inferior articular processes contact the superior articular process of the vertebra below it, forming a moveable synovial joint.

Intervertebral discs. The intervertebral discs are located in between the vertebral bodies. They form a symphysis with the bodies and act as a shock absorber.

Transverse process. The transverse processes of a vertebra project laterally from the junction of the lamina and pedicle

7. There are 7 pairs of true ribs in the human body. True ribs articulate directly with the sternum.

5. 5 pairs of ribs are false ribs. False ribs either attach to the sternum indirectly by articulating with the costal cartilage of the rib above it or do not attach to the sternum at all.

24. The rib cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs, 24 ribs in total. The 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly.

Head. The head of a rib articulates in a region between 2 thoracic vertebra, contacting the inferior demi-facet and superior demi-facet of the bottom vertebra.

Tubercle. The tubercle of a rib is located between the neck and shaft of the rib at the proximal end of the bone. It contacts the transverse process at the transverse costal facet.

Floor of the skull.

Sella turcica. The sella turcica is a central depression that houses the pituitary gland.

Lesser wings. The optic canals are passageways found in the lesser wings. They serve as a passageway for the optic nerve running from the eyeball to the optic chiasma.

Foramen rotundum, The foramen rotundum and the forament ovale serve as passageway for branches of the trigeminal nerve.

A depression. The sella turcica is a depression in the central region of the sphenoid bone. It houses the pituitary gland.

TRUE.

Mandibular condyle. The mandibular is a knoblike superior projection. It articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint

Mandibular fossa. The word fossa indicates that this landmark is a depression. The mandibular fossa of the temporal bone forms the socket in which the mandibular condyle of the mandible articulates, forming the temporomandibular joint

A shallow depression. The term fossa refers to a landmark that has a concave surface.

A projection on the mandible. The mandibular condyle is the projection on the mandible that helps form the temporomandibular.

Inferior surface of the zygomatic process. The mandibular fossa is located immediately anterior to the external auditory meatus, just inferior to the proximal part of the zygomatic process

Superiorly: cervical and inferiorly: lumbar. The cervical region of the vertebral column is located above the thoracic region, and the lumbar region is found immediately below the thoracic region.

12. Human beings have 12 total thoracic vertebrae. These vertebrae articulate with the ribs (humans have a total of 12 pairs of ribs).

Demi-facet. The demi-facets are located on the lateral posterior regions of the bodies of the thoracic vertebral. Together, the superior demi-facet of one vertebra and the inferior demi-facet of the neighboring vertebra create a facet where the head of a rib articulates with the vertebral column.

T12. There are 12 thoracic vertebrae. The size of the individual vertebrae increase from the top of the column to the bottom, therefore the last thoracic vertebra, T12, would be the largest.

Transverse costal face. The transverse costal facet is a slight depression found on the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra. It contacts the tubercle of a rib as the rib extends laterally.

5. Five lumbar vertebrae make up the lower back region.

Elongated spinous process. An elongated spinous process is characteristic of the thoracic region.

Thoracic. The 12 thoracic vertebrae are found above the 5 lumbar vertebrae in an articulated vertebral column.

Sacral. The sacrum is located below the lumbar region, articulating superiorly with L5 and inferiorly with the coccyx.

TRUE. The spinous process of a lumbar vertebra is blunt, not pointed as in the thoracic region or bifid as seen in the cervical region.

FALSE. The overall size of the vertebrae increase from the top of the vertebral column to the bottom.

TRUE. The 5 lumbar vertebrae are located between the thoracic region and the sacrum, making up the lower back.

FALSE. The lumbar vertebrae are part of the vertebral column, which is part of the axial skeleton.

ilium and pubis only. The ilium is the large, superior portion of the hip bone, and the pubis makes up the front portion of the hip bone. Combined they form the pelvic brim.

iliac crest of the ilium. The superior margin of the ilium, which makes up the superior and lateral edges of the pelvic girdle, is called the iliac crest.

These structures are the attachment points for many skeletal muscles and ligaments. The pelvis acts as an anchor point for many muscles of the trunk and thighs. Many of these muscles are attached to the pelvic girdle at the anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, pubic crest, and iliac crest.

the auricular surface of ilium. The auricular surface of the ilium articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.

Medial. The medial surfaces of the right and left maxillary bones fuse together to form the upper jaw. The upper jaw is referred to as the maxilla

Palatine processes. The palatine processes of the maxillary bones fuse on midline at the intermaxillary suture, forming the anterior portion of the hard palate (roof of the mouth).

Infraorbital foramen. The conspicuous infraorbital foramen is located below the orbit on the maxillary bone, as its name indicates.

Palatine bone. The horizontal plates of the palatine bones articulate with the palatine processes of the maxillary bones. The palatine bones form the posterior one-third of the hard palate.

Nasal septum. The nasal septum is formed by the vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The maxillary bone, although close in proximity, does not contribute to the structure of the nasal septum.

Ethmoid. The ethmoid bone forms the area of the cranium between the nasal cavity and the orbits.

Maxillary. The maxillary bones contain the maxillary sinuses. They are the largest sinuses, located laterally to the nasal cavity in the region of the cheek.

Nasal. The 2 tombstone shaped nasal bones are found above the nasal cavity. They form a continuous bony bridge that connects the 2 sides of the face.

Zygomatic bones. The zygomatic bones are known as the cheekbones. Together, the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone form the zygomatic arch. This region is the bony foundation of the facial prominence known as the cheek.

Maxillary. The fused maxillary bones are known as the maxilla, and form the upper jaw and part of the palate.

Lacrimal. The lacrimal bone along with the sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontal bones make up the medial wall of the orbit.

protect the brain from trauma. The cranial cavity, which does protect the brain, is not made up of facial bones.

the parietal and occipital bones. The lambdoid suture is found on the posterior of the skull where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone.

The mandible is the only bone of the skull that is not joined to the other bones of the skull by immobile sutures. The mandible hinges where the condylar process of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.

the cribriform foramina of the ethmoid bone. As the name suggests, cribriform foramina are tiny holes in the cribriform plates of the ethmoid. Olfactory nerves for the sense of smell pass through these holes.

Sacrum. The sacrum articulates with the hip bones on the auricular surface of the ilium forming the sacroiliac joint. The sacrum makes up the back wall of the pelvic girdle.

5. During development, individual vertebrae compose the entire vertebral column. Five bones fuse together to form the sacrum.

Ilium Ilium is the largest region of the hip bone. The ilium forms the sacroiliac joint on its anterior surface with the sacrum at a bumpy region known as the auricular surface.

Coccyx. The coccyx is the tailbone. It articulates with the vertebral column inferior to the sacrum.

3 - 5 The coccyx is formed by 3-5 vertebrae fusing together during development.

Manubrium. The manubrium is the superior most region of the sternum. It articulates with both the clavicle and the first rib.

Hyaline cartilage. The costal cartilage that anchors the ribs onto the sternum is hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage in the body.

Body The body of the sternum is the largest region, occupying the space between the manubrium and the xiphoid process.

Xiphoid Process. When administering CPR, care must be taken not to apply direct pressure to the xiphoid process. Injury can result from the xiphoid process being broken off and damaging vital organs found deep to it.

7 There are 7 pairs of true ribs in the human body. True ribs articulate directly with the sternum.

Sagittal. The nasal septum lies in a midsagittal plane, dividing the nasal cavity into right and left halves.

Perpendicular plate The perpendicular plate is a plate like process that projects inferiorly on midline, forming the superior portion of the nasal septum.

Vomer The vomer is a small facial bone that runs superiorly on midline to articulate with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, forming the inferior portion of the nasal septum.

Forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity. The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity in half on midline, thereby forming the medial wall of the nasal cavity on both the right and left sides.

2 The nasal septum is composed of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer.

Talus Talus articulates with the tibia and fibula on its superior surface.

7. The tarsus is made up of 7 bones that compose the ankle and the posterior portion of the foot.

Calcaneus. Calcaneus is a large tarsal that contacts the floor at its posterior region, and articulates with talus on its superior surface.

Metatarsals There are 5 metatarsals that are found between the tarsals (ankle and heel) and the phalanges (toes).

1. The great toe or hallux (the big toe) only has 2 phalanges, a proximal phalanx and distal phalanx.

Long. The elongated shape of the phalanges make them long bones, even though the phalanges are small in size

Cheek The zygomatic arch is a bony bridge formed between the zygomatic and temporal bones. It contributes to the prominence of the cheek.

Zygomatic bone and temporal bone The temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone fuse to form the zygomatic arch.

Zygomatic process The zygomatic process is the name of the elongated projection that extends out from the temporal bone reaching towards the zygomatic bone, forming most of the zygomatic arch.

Temporal process The temporal process of the zygomatic bone is a small bony projection that extends posteriorly to fuse with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, forming the zygomatic arch.

Facial Although the zygomatic bone is a facial bone and the temporal bone is a cranial bone, the zygomatic arch is best described as a facial structure.

larger leg muscles

pubis

Fibula The fibula articulates with the tibia on its medial surface. It does not help distribute the weight of the body to the foot

Syndesmosis A syndesmosis is a type of fibrous joint where the 2 articulating bones are joined solely by ligaments.

Lateral malleolus The lateral malleolus of the fibula creates an easy to find surface landmark on the outside of the ankle.

Tibia and talus The fibula articulates medially along its length with the tibia, and distally the lateral malleolus of the tibia contacts talus.

Long The elongated shape of the fibula qualifies it as a long bone.

Greater tubercle The greater tubercle is adjacent to the head of the humerus. It is the insertion site for some of the rotator cuff muscles.

Olecranon fossa The olecranon fossa is the large depression at the distal end of the humerus. The olecranon fossa of the humerus together with the olecranon process of the ulna permit full extension of the forearm.

Trochlea The trochlear notch of the ulna swings around the trochlea of the humerus forming the hinge joint of the elbow.

Lateral epicondyle The lateral epicondyle of the humerus is on the lateral distal surface of the bone. It serves as a site of muscle attachment.

Head The head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapulae to form the shoulder joint.

Appendicular The appendicular skeleton consists of all of the bones that make up the arm, hand, leg, and foot.

Atlas The atlas is essentially a ring of bone. Its structure is highly specialized to articulate with the skull.

Axis C2 is known as the axis. It has a bony projection called the odontoid process that articulates with C1. C1 can pivot around C2, allowing us to rotate our head/shake head "no".

Occipital bone - atlas The padlike occipital condyles found on both sides of foramen magnum sit on top of the plate like superior articular processes of the atlas, forming the atlanto-occipital joint. The articular surfaces permit nodding of the head in a "yes" motion (flexion and extension).

Atlas - axis The prominent projection known as dens on the axis forms a pivot joint with the atlas, allowing the atlas to rotate around the axis. The axis is a very sensible name for C2 since it serves as a central axis for rotation of the atlas.

Occipital condyles The occipital condyles found on both sides of foramen magnum sit on top of the atlas, forming the atlanto-occipital joint.

calcitonin Yes, calcitonin is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in children and pregnant women.

calcitriol Yes, parathyroid hormone promotes the formation of calcitriol.

increase osteoblasts on bone This answer is false. PTH would NOT increase osteoblasts. Osteoblasts store calcium on bone, thus lowering plasma calcium levels.

calcitriol Yes, parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates Vitamin D into calcitriol in the kidney. Calcitriol then increases absorption of calcium in the intestine.

Lacrimal bone The lacrimal bone is a tiny bone found in the medial portion of the orbit. It is a facial bone, not part of the cranium.

Sagittal suture The parietal bones meet at midline on the top of the skull, forming the sagittal suture which runs along the midsagittal plane.

Frontal There is only one frontal bone. It forms the anterior portion of the cranium (the forehead region).

Sphenoid The sphenoid bone is the large bat shaped bone that spans the floor of the skull.

Nasal The sinuses found in the skull are collectively known as the paranasal sinuses because they encircle the nasal cavity. The nasal bones are small tombstone shaped bones that form the bridge of the nose and don't contain sinuses.

Medial and lateral condyles The flat articular surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia form the knee joint with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.

Fibula the tibia and fibula lie parallel to one another between the knee and ankle.

Medial malleolus The medial malleolus of the tibia forms the easily visible and palpable bump inside the ankle.

Tibia The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with landmarks of the same name on the femur.

Tibial tuberosity The tibial tuberosity is found on the anterior surface of the proximal part of the tibia. The patellar ligament attaches to the tibial tuberosity.

Malleoli Both the tibia and the fibula have malleoli, which form the palpable bumps found on the inside and outside of the ankle

Distal The ulna is a bone in the forearm which is distal to the humerus in the upper arm. The humerus makes up the upper arm.

Trochlear notch The trochlear notch of the ulna swings around the trochlea of the humerus, permitting flexion and extension at the elbow

Found at the distal end of the bone. The head of a bone is typically found at the proximal end. The head of the ulna is at the distal end of the bone near the wrist.

Styloid process The styloid process of the ulna makes up the superficial bump seen on lateral surface of the wrist.

Olecranon process When the forearm is in full extension the olecranon process of the ulna fits snuggly into the olecranon fossa of the humerus.

Zygomatic process The zygomatic process is a projection of the temporal bone. It forms part of the zygomatic arch.

Mandibular fossa The mandibular fossa is a shallow depression of the temporal bone in which the mandibular condyle of the mandible articulates, forming the temporomandibular joint.

External auditory meatus The external auditory meatus is the obvious hole in the temporal bone. This opening conveys sound waves to the eardrum.

Parietal bone The temporal bones make up the lateral surface of the cranium, occupying the region the ear is found in. The area above this is composed of the parietal bones, which meet at midline on the top of the skull to form the sagittal suture.

Styloid process The styloid process is a pointy, spinous projection that serves as a site of muscle attachment. It is easily broken off of human skull specimens.

In between the orbits The ethmoid bone is a single bone with a complex shape. The top of this bone projects up into the floor of the cranium. The middle of this bone spans the distance between the orbits, and the lowest most portion forms the superior part of the nasal septum.

Crista galli The crista galli is a small plate-like projection visible in the anterior floor of the skull. The dura mater anchors to the crista galli, stabilizing the meninges and brain within the cranial cavity.

The olfactory nerve (CN I) The olfactory nerves (CN I) pass through the olfactory foramina as they pass from the nasal cavity to the brain.

Cribriform plates The paired cribriform plates surround the crista galli and contain the tiny olfactory foramina.

Reduce the weight of the skull The paranasal sinuses are found in the ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxillary bones. They encircle the nasal cavity and function to lighten the skull.

Perpendicular plate The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the superior portion of the nasal septum. The inferior portion of the nasal septum is formed by the vomer.

FALSE. The ethmoid bone is part of the cranium.

TRUE. The ethmoid sinuses are also known as ethmoidal air cells. They are found on either side of the perpendicular plate.

FALSE. The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum.

TRUE. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

calcium

gravity

Posterior surface and base of the cranium The occipital bone makes up the posterior part of the cranium.

Foramen magnum The foramen magnum is the opening through which the spinal cord passes.

Occipital condyles The occipital condyles are found on the inferior surface of the skull on either side of foramen magnum. They articulate with the first cervical vertebra, the atlas. This articulation allows us to flex and extend the skull in a nodding "yes" motion.

Occipital condyles The occipital condyles are found on either side of foramen magnum. They articulate with the atlas and can't be palpated on the head or neck.

Lambdoid The lambdoid suture is found between the occipital bone and the parietal and temporal bones.

regional areas of mechanical stress Absence of mechanical stress helps determine which osteoclasts will be most sensitive to PTH and where bone will be broken down. Likewise, osteocytes sense increased mechanical stress and stimulate bone deposition by osteoblasts.

to maintain adequate blood calcium levels Calcium ions in the blood are critical for many body activities, including cardiac muscle contractions and brain neural activity. Bone remodeling occurs in order to provide a constant supply of calcium to the bloodstream and thus to other body systems.

decreased bone density

It results from mechanical stress and remodeling. Bones develop their specific features according to the stresses placed on them as they grow and fit together, and as they are pulled on by muscles.

frontal bone of the forehead Correct The frontal bone is a flat bone that, like other cranial bones, forms from within a membrane.

from the original hyaline cartilage bone model of the embryo The hyaline cartilage on the ends of adult long bones is a remaining layer of cartilage that existed as part of the original embryonic cartilage model.

calcification zone The calcification zone is where chondrocytes die while the surrounding matrix calcifies, becoming hardened.

They proportionally increase the size of the medullary cavity as the bone grows to prevent the weight of the growing skeleton from becoming too heavy. The osteoclasts in the endosteum break down bone tissue in the medullary cavity while osteoblasts in the periosteum add more bone matrix to the outer surface of the bone. This allows the bone to increase in width while remaining hollow and lightweight.

Carpals Eight carpals make up the wrist.

8 The wrist is comprised of 8 carpals.

Metacarpals The metacarpals are located between the carpals (the wrist) and the phalanges (the fingers).

Long Although the phalanges are small in size, their elongated shape qualifies them as long bones.

14 Three phalanges make up each finger (4 x 3) except the thumb which contains 2 phalanges.

Thumb The thumb contains two phalanges, a proximal and distal phalanx.

Mandibular condyle The mandibular condyle of the mandible is a knob like projection that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.

Mandible The mandible exhibits many types of motion such as: elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, all independent of head movement.

Coronoid process The coronoid process is the anterior projection found on the top of the mandibular ramus. It serves as the insertion site for temporalis.

Mandibular notch The mandibular notch is the name of the U shaped border found between the mandibular condyle and the coronoid process.

Structure of the palate The hard palate is composed of the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.

Spine The spine of the scapula is on the back of the bone and can easily be palpated.

Glenoid cavity The glenoid cavity is a round flat surface that serves as the socket of the shoulder joint. Because of its flat nature, the joint is highly moveable. It is stabilized by the rotator cuff muscles.

Acromion process The acromion process is the knoblike ending at the lateral end of the scapular spine. It articulates with the clavicle forming the acromioclavicular joint.

Acromion process The acromium articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle, forming the acromioclavicular joint.

Rotator cuff The 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff originate on the scapula and insert on the proximal humerus. These muscles work to stabilize the shoulder joint, working to prevent the head of the humerus from dislocating out of the glenoid fossa.

Coracoid process The coracoid process of the scapula is found on the lateral side of the bone projecting anteriorly and laterally. Pectoralis minor inserts on the coracoid process.

Collarbone The clavicles run horizontally across the top of the chest in the region of the collar of a shirt.

Sternum The medial, or sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum.

Scapula The lateral end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion process of the scapula forming the acromioclavicular joint.

Scapula Together the scapula and clavicle form the pectoral girdle, an incomplete bony ring surrounding the upper thorax.

Intramembranous ossification The clavicles and the cranial bones of the skull develop from a fibrous membrane. This process is known as intramembranous ossification.

Appendicular skeleton The bones making up the arms and legs, along with the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which anchor the limbs on to the axial skeleton make up the appendicular skeleton