TEST 3- CHAPTER 11

A naturally occurring solid chemical element with a distinct composition and a crystalline structure is a(n) ________.

Minerals are components of ________.

Most metals, such as iron and copper, do not occur in a pure state in Earth's crust, but occur within ________.

If a mineral is opaque, lustrous, malleable, and can conduct heat and electricity, it is a(n) ________.

Smelting of iron ore involves ________.

Most coltan ore is mined in ________, but purified and marketed in ________.

The focus of the 2001 inquiry of the UN General Assembly into coltan mining in Congo was ________.

Tantalum from African coltan is used primarily for the manufacture of ________.

Placer mining is environmentally damaging because most methods ________.

Subsurface mining is used extensively in the extraction of ________.

Heavy landscape damage and water pollution have occurred in ________ as a result of ________.

As in the mining of coltan in Congo, coal mining in Appalachia has produced issues of ________.

The U.S. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires ________.

The U.S. General Mining Act of 1872, although encouraging to the domestic mining industry, also ________.

The dwindling supplies of rare strategic metals such as indium, tantalum, and platinum may be extended if we rigorously ________.

Earth's mantle ________.

Sustainable minerals use and longer projected lifetimes for scarce minerals can be achieved with all of the following, except ________.

The relationship between recycling, economics, and energy consumption is demonstrated in the case of aluminum, where ________.

The newest bonanza for recycling scarce and toxic metals is to recover them from ________.

Electronic waste, or e-waste, consists of discarded cell phones, computers, and other electronic products and is increasing rapidly. Recycling e-waste is essential because ________.

Many types of mining, such as for coal and copper, produce a specific type of water pollution called ________.

Examples of valuable nonmetallic minerals extracted by mining are ________.

The lithosphere consists of ________.

At ________ plate boundaries, tectonic plates are pushed away from each other when magma rises to the surface, creating new crust.

Plate tectonic movement results from ________.

Sedimentary rock is formed ________.

When magma or lava cools, the result is ________.

Earthquakes are likely to occur ________.

Volcanoes are formed ________.

The Pacific "ring of fire" is a volcanic area where ________.

Tsunamis are caused by ________.