Regardless of their size, most rocks are made up of __________.
grains
minerals
synthetic minerals
magma
answer
minerals
question
Minerals must be solid, have an orderly atomic structure, have a recognized chemical composition, be naturally occurring, and __________.
be generally inorganic in origin
found only in igneous rocks
made by organisms
be reproducible in a laboratory setting
be a highly valued natural resource
answer
be generally inorganic in origin
question
A scientist creates diamonds using high-pressure laboratory experiments. These diamonds are not considered minerals because which of the following requirements has been violated?
Minerals must be solid.
Minerals must be inorganic in origin.
Minerals must occur naturally.
Minerals must have a known chemical composition.
Minerals must have an orderly crystalline structure.
answer
Minerals must occur naturally.
question
Which of the following is a mineral?
Water
Granite
Plastic
Charcoal
Ice
answer
ice
question
Why glass is not considered a mineral?
Glass is solid.
Glass is made by organisms.
Glass has a disorderly atomic structure.
Glass is not naturally occurring.
Glass has an unknown chemical composition.
answer
Glass has a disorderly atomic structure
question
Crystallization of molten rock will produce ________ rocks.
igneous
metamorphic
sedimentary
answer
igneous
question
Most marine organisms produce the mineral substance ________, which will later become limestone.
CaCO3
SO2
H2CO3
SiO2
answer
CaCO3
question
A mineral's streak is _________.
the color of the mineral in powdered form
the appearance of light reflected from the mineral's surface
the mineral's resistance to breaking
the common shape of an aggregate of crystals
the tendency to break along weak bonds
answer
the color of the mineral in powdered form
question
All minerals have cleavage.
True
False
answer
false
question
What is luster?
an indication that a mineral has double refraction
the color of a mineral
a mineral's ability to transmit light through itself
the color of a mineral in powdered form
the quality of light reflected from a mineral's surface
answer
the quality of light reflected from a mineral's surface
question
Which mineral property is the least useful for identifying minerals, and why?
-Streak is the least useful property for identification because it does not work for minerals with metallic lusters.
-Density is the least useful property for identification because different specimens of the same type of mineral can vary in size.
-Color is the least useful property for identification because it is the most obvious property.
-Color is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found in several different colors due to impurities in the mineral.
-Streak is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found with several different colors of streak due to impurities in the mineral.
answer
Color is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found in several different colors due to impurities in the mineral.
question
The external expression of a mineral's orderly internal arrangement of atoms is referred to as:
its streak.
its specific gravity.
its hardness.
its luster.
its crystal form.
answer
its crystal form.
question
The property of cleavage reflects:
the hardness of the mineral.
mechanical breakage along planes of weakness within the mineral.
the luster of the mineral.
the streak of the mineral.
the density of the mineral.
answer
mechanical breakage along planes of weakness within the mineral
question
In the field, you find an unidentified mineral that is clear, exhibits conchoidal fracture, and can scratch glass. This mineral is most likely:
calcite.
quartz.
gypsum.
muscovite.
hornblende.
answer
quartz
question
Which of the following best describes the term cleavage?
Cleavage describes the quality and amount of light reflected from a mineral surface.
Cleavage is the characteristic growth pattern or shape of a mineral.
Cleavage is the colored mark that a mineral makes when scratched on a porcelain tile.
Cleavage is the splitting of minerals along natural planes of weakness.
Cleavage describes a mineral's resistance to abrasion.
answer
Cleavage is the splitting of minerals along natural planes of weakness.
question
What causes a lack of cleavage in some minerals?
Bonds of equal strength in all directions
The chemical composition of the mineral
The shape of the mineral
Bonds of differing strength in certain directions
A small impurity in the atomic structure
answer
Bonds of equal strength in all directions
question
Which of the following exhibits three sets of cleavage at 90° angles?
Calcite
Mica
Feldspar
Galena
Fluorite
answer
Galena
question
Hornblende has _____ cleavage planes at _____ angles.
three; non-90°
two; non-90°
four; non-90°
three; 90°
two; 90°
answer
two; non-90°
question
Quartz exhibits __________.
four sets of cleavage at non-90° angles
a cubic shape
three sets of cleavage at 90° angles
thin, transparent sheets that are easily separable
conchoidal fracture
answer
conchoidal fracture
question
The amount or quality of light that is reflected from a mineral surface is known as __________.
crystallization
color
streak
transparency
luster
answer
luster
question
What causes the same mineral to occur in varieties that are different colors?
The crystalline structure often exhibits differences in shape.
The ability to transmit light varies in the same mineral.
Chemical bonds are rearranged in the same mineral.
A small amount of impurities in the crystal structure.
The amount and quality of light reflected off the surface differs in the same mineral.
answer
A small amount of impurities in the crystal structure.
question
Which of the following best describes the term streak?
When no light is transmitted through a mineral sample.
The arrangement of atoms in an orderly, repetitive structure.
When both light and an image are visible through a mineral sample.
The amount or quality of light reflected from a mineral surface.
The color of a powdered form of a mineral produced by rubbing it across a hard surface.
answer
The color of a powdered form of a mineral produced by rubbing it across a hard surface.
question
Since color is not a very useful way to identify a mineral, what other optical property or properties can be used?
Opacity
Chemical composition
Strength
Internal structure and transparency
luster and streak
answer
luster and streak
question
Which of the following best describes mineral habit?
The shape a mineral grows into, given sufficient space.
The maximum strength of a mineral.
The organized atomic structure of a mineral.
The ability of a mineral to transmit light.
The shape of a mineral caused by growth in a small space.
answer
The shape a mineral grows into, given sufficient space.
question
What discourages minerals from achieving habit?
Enclosed spaces
Small impurities in the crystal structure
Sufficient time to form
Chemical composition
The presence of water
answer
Enclosed spaces
question
Crystal habit is the shape that a mineral develops by the repetition of __________.
the basic unit cell of a mineral
the maximum strength of a mineral
precipitation of a mineral from an aqueous solution
the sudden cooling of lava at the surface
growth in an enclosed space
answer
the basic unit cell of a mineral
question
Other than space, what two additional factors are significant for a crystal to attain habit?
Presence of dissolved gases and time
Time and necessary elements
Age and size of crystals
Solubility and strength
Atoms and high temperatures
answer
Time and necessary elements
question
Hardness describes a mineral's __________.
powdered form when rubbed on a streak plate
strength
resistance to being scratched
crystalline structure
quality of reflectivity
answer
resistance to being scratched
question
What is the basic foundation of Moh's hardness scale?
Mineral hardness is comparable to mineral strength.
Mineral hardness can be measured in absolute terms.
Crystal hardness is directly proportional to crystal size.
If a mineral scratches an object, then the mineral is harder than the object.
Hardness is related to the amount of time a mineral takes to precipitate.
answer
If a mineral scratches an object, then the mineral is harder than the object.
question
Name the hardest and softest mineral on the Moh's scale.
Quartz (hardest) and calcite (softest)
Topaz (hardest) and calcite (softest)
Corundum (hardest) and talc (softest)
Diamond (hardest) and talc (softest)
Diamond (hardest) and gypsum (softest)
answer
Diamond (hardest) and talc (softest)
question
What mineral is not scratched by a fingernail, but is scratched by a copper penny?
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Dolomite
Talc
answer
Calcite
question
Which of the following pairs of elements are the most abundant in the continental crust?
Aluminum and oxygen
Silicon and oxygen
Silicon and iron
Calcium and oxygen
Sodium and silicon
answer
Silicon and oxygen
question
Which statement correctly describes rock-forming minerals and economic minerals?
View Available Hint(s)
-Silicates are important economic resources and include gypsum, which is used for plaster. Nonsilicate minerals are only important as rock-building minerals.
-Only minerals that are not rock-building minerals can have economic value.
-Economic minerals consist mostly of silicate minerals, whereas rock-building minerals consist mostly of nonsilicates.
-Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are sparse in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are very abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products.
-Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are abundant in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are less abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products.
answer
Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are abundant in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are less abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products.
question
Which of the following is a basic structural component of the most common mineral group?
a water molecule
a sulfate ion
a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
metallic bonds
a carbonate ion
answer
a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
question
What minerals make up half of Earth's crust?
Feldspars
Amphiboles, micas, and clays
Quartz and amphiboles
Quartz and pyroxenes
Nonsilicates
answer
Feldspars
question
What is an accurate description of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?
-The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a pyramid-shaped feature that commonly bonds to negative ions to produce silicate minerals.
-The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a four-sided figure with an oxygen atom in the middle bonded to four neighboring silicon atoms.
-The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a structure that is a significant building block to nonsilicate minerals.
-The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a double-chained structure of the amphibole group.
-The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a four-sided figure with a silicon atom in the middle bonded to four neighboring oxygen atoms.
answer
The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a four-sided figure with a silicon atom in the middle bonded to four neighboring oxygen atoms.
question
The micas (biotite and muscovite) exhibit what type of silicate structure?
Sheet
Double chain
Single chain
3D
Independent
answer
sheet
question
__________ SiO4 4- tetrahedra join with __________ ions to produce the mineral olivine in the rock peridotite.
Independent; negative
Three dimensional; Ca2+ and Na1+
Double chain; positive
Independent; Mg2+ and Fe2+
Single chain; Mg2+ and Fe2+
answer
Independent; Mg2+ and Fe2+
question
The ratio of silicon to oxygen atoms in silicate minerals depends on:
the density of the mineral.
the number of silicon and oxygen atoms in the mineral.
how the atoms in silicon-oxygen tetrahedra are shared.
the type of rock in which the minerals are found.
the way the mineral breaks when mechanical forces act on it.
answer
how the atoms in silicon-oxygen tetrahedra are shared.
question
In silicate minerals, the type of cleavage or fracture is influenced by:
the bonding of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedra within the mineral.
the color of the mineral.
the amount of oxygen in the mineral.
the density of the mineral.
the silica content of the mineral.
answer
the bonding of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedra within the mineral.
question
What are the economic uses of three common nonsilicate minerals?
View Available Hint(s)
-Silver is used for photography, fluorite is used as a fertilizer, and anhydrite is used in plaster.
-Halite is used for common salt, anhydrite is used in plaster, and graphite is used as an abrasive.
-Galena is used as pencil lead, halite is used as common salt, and calcite is used in Portland cement.
-Fluorite is used in steelmaking, dolomite is used in plaster, and corundum is used as an abrasive.
-Halite is used for common salt, gypsum is used in plaster, and graphite is used as pencil lead.
answer
Halite is used for common salt, gypsum is used in plaster, and graphite is used as pencil lead.
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