What is the main function of the pulmonary circuit?
answer
to oxygenate the blood
question
Which statement best describes blood flow through the pulmonary veins?
answer
Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood from lung capillaries to the heart.
question
Which description most accurately describes the functions of the superior and inferior venae cavae?
answer
The superior vena cava primarily drains oxygen-poor blood from the body above the diaphragm, while the inferior vena cava drains oxygen-poor blood from areas below the diaphragm.
question
In which of the following blood vessels would you expect to find the LEAST amount of carbon dioxide?
answer
pulmonary vein
question
Toxic substances absorbed by the digestive system put stress on the liver because all of the blood from the digestive organs is drained by the _
answer
hepatic portal vein
question
In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by
answer
blood pressure
question
The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the
answer
capillary; interstitial fluid
question
Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?
answer
34 mm Hg
question
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by
answer
proteins in the blood
question
Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?
answer
net osmotic pressure
question
Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?
answer
venous
question
Which of these responses is NOT a response consistent with a drop in mean arterial pressure?
answer
increased filtration by the kidneys
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that angiotensin II increases arterial blood pressure?
answer
Angiotensin II promotes vasodilation that decreases peripheral resistance.
question
Which of the following would be interrupted in the indirect renal mechanism if angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is blocked from performing its job?
answer
conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II
question
Which of the following will lower blood pressure?
answer
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
question
Which of the following hormonal effects is mismatched?
answer
Epinephrine decreases peripheral resistance by affecting blood vessel diameter.
question
Vasomotion because of changes in pH or CO2 levels would be a result of __________?
answer
chemoreceptor reflexes
question
What pressure is responsible for reabsorption and for pulling fluids into the venous end of capillaries?
answer
osmotic pressure in capillary (OPc)
question
What is the value for the net filtration pressure (NFP) at the arteriolar end of the capillary?
answer
10 mm Hg
Net filtration pressure is calculated using all of the inward and outward pressures to produce an overall value. (NFP) = (HPc + OPif) - (HPif + OPc).
question
Assume a person is experiencing a hemorrhage and the HPc has dropped to 23 mm Hg at the arteriole end of the capillary. Calculate net filtration pressure (NFP) at the arteriole end of the capillary.
answer
-2 mm Hg
The net filtration pressure would now be negative as a result of the blood pressure drop, which would result in little or no fluid moving across capillary walls into the interstitial fluid at the arteriole end. Net filtration pressure (NFP) for the arteriole end of the capillary = (HPc + OPif) - (HPif + OPc) = (23 + 1) - (0 + 26).
question
Which of the following would NOT move by diffusion across a capillary endothelium to or from the surrounding interstitial fluid and tissues?
answer
proteins
question
Why is it important that blood pressure drop to lower levels as it reaches the capillary beds?
answer
because capillaries are fragile and extremely permeable
question
Which of the following is NOT a capillary transport mechanism?
answer
Bulk flow results in fluid being forced out of the capillaries through the clefts at the arterial end of the capillary bed, with most of it returning to the bloodstream at the venous end.
question
Which of the following would decrease peripheral resistance to blood flow?
answer
Anemia would lead to decreased blood viscosity, and thus would decrease resistance.
question
In local autoregulation of blood flow, usually low oxygen levels cause vasodilation. Which tissue shows the opposite pattern?
answer
Lungs
The pulmonary circulation is opposite from what is seen in most tissues. Low pulmonary oxygen levels cause local vasoconstriction and high levels promote vasodilation. This allows blood to skip areas of the lungs where mucous from an infection may render some alveoli ineffective.
question
Once released, renin functions to enzymatically split (cleave) circulating angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Where is angiotensinogen made?
answer
in the lungs
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