Chapter 20 The Vessels And Circulation

wide, leaky capillaries that occur in regions where there is movement of LARGE materials, such as proteins or cells, between blood and tissue

which vessels anastomose to form a collateral circulatory route in the arm a) anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries b) radial and ulnar arteries c) lateral thoracic and subscapular arteries d) axillary and brachial arteries

If capillaries fail to develop in a certain location, this condition is called an _______ a) aneurysm b) arteriovenous malformation c) angiosarcoma d) anastomosis e) angioma

which structure helps to maintain the flow of blood in the type of vessel a) blood pressure b) internal and external elastic membrane c) valves d) gravity

Site specific functions of capillaries include ______ a) removal of nitrogenous wastes from the kidneys b) transporting hormones from endocrine glands c) receiving digested nutrients in the small intestine d) exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs e) all of the listed functions are site specific functions of capillaries

The gaps of unjoined membrane through which small molecules exit and enter capillaries are called ________ a) intercellular clefts b) fenestrations c) sinusoids d) pericytes

small vessels within the tunica externa of large arteries and veins

which vessel is NOT part of the pulmonary circuit a) superior vena cava b) lobar arteries c) pulmonary trunk d) pulmonary veins

Which dural sinuses are located within the falx cerebri a) cavernous sinuses b) sigmoid sinuses c) transverse sinuses d) superior and inferior sagittal sinuses

A blockage in the internal iliac artery would impair blood flow to all of the following EXCEPT the ______ a) pelvic organs b) pelvic wall c) gluteal muscles d) muscles of lower limbs and a small portion of the anterior abdominal wall e) medial thigh

What is the primary importance of the ductus venosus in the fetus a) it is a shunt that re-routes blood away from the portal system directly to the inferior vena cava b) this is the structure that branches from the internal iliac veins to carry blood to the placents c) it is the vein that returns blood to the fetus from the placenta d) it is the opening through which blood passes from the right atrium to the left atrium

Which layer of an elastic artery contains the largest amount of elastic fibers a) tunica media b) tunica externa c) tunica interna

inflammation of a vein

Layer of blood vessels innervated by sympathetic vasomotor fibers a) tunica intima b) subendothelial layer c) tunica externa d) vasa vasorum e) tunica media

Which of the following statements about arteries is FALSE a) arteries have a smaller lumen than veins of similar size b) arterial walls are thicker than venous walls c) arteries carry oxygenated blood to the heart d) arteries have more elastin than veins

All types of blood vessels contain a tunica intima true false

All arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, whereas veins carry oxygen-poor blood true false

Varicose veins are twisted, swollen superficial venous blood vessels, and usually occur in the lower limbs. What are the main causes of varicose veins? a) They may be caused by genetic factors b) They ma be caused by increased build-up of blood, as a result of gravitational pressure and nonmoving legs c) They can result from obesity and pregnancy d) all of the above

Why are varicose veins more common in the left lower limb than the right lower limb a) the right iliac artery crosses over the left iliac vein and hypertension in the iliac artery can compress the left iliac vein thus impeding venous drainage from the left lower limb b) The left leg is farther from the heart than the right leg, and blood tends to pool in the left leg more than the right leg c) The left leg contains more venous blood than the right leg d) The valves in the left leg tend to be weaker than those in the right leg

What is distinctive about the tunica media of arteries when compared to the tunica media of veins a) the tunic media of arteries anchors the vessel to surrounding structures b) the tunica media of arteries contains elastin and collagen c) the tunica media is thicker in arteries than in veins d) the tunica media of arteries is primarily comprised of flat endothelial cells

Capillaries consist of only this layer a) subedothelial layer b) tunica media c) tunica externa d) vasa vasorum e) tunica intima

Structure that regulate blood flow into true capillaries a) sinusoids b) thoroughfare channel c) fenestrations d) precapillary sphincter e) metarteriole

Wide leaky capillaries found in bone marrow and spleen a) sinusoids b) fenestrated capillaries c) metarterioles d) continuous capillaries e) none of the above

Precapillary sphincters allow blood to leave this structure and enter true capillaries a) continuous capillaries b) sinusoids c) metarterioles d) fenestrated capillaries e) none of the above

Present in most capillaries, these structures are absent in those of the blood brain barrier a) endothelial cells b) pericytes c) tight junctions d) basement membrane e) intercellular clefts

Vessels of the small intestines, renal glomerulus, and synovial membranes that allow passage of fluid and solutes through "windows" in the endothelium a) continuous capillaries b) fenestrated capillaries c) metarterioles d) sinusoids e) none of the above

Microvasculature that provides nourishment to the outer walls of the aorta a) tunica externa b) vasa vasorum c) tunica media d) subendothelial layer e) tunica intima

Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle tissues a) tunica itima b) tunica advenitia c) tunica externa d) tunica media

Most small molecules pass through a capillary wall through which route a) through tight junctions b) via pinocytotic vesicles c) through intercellular clefts d) via direct diffusion through the endothelium

Functionally, there are no valves in arteries because a) arteries get more atherosclerosis, so valves would cause lethal blood clotting b) valves direct blood only toward the heart and arterial blood passes away from the heart c) valves would tear apart from the high arterial pressure d) the blood pressure in arteries is high enough that there is no backflow of blood

Blood pressure is highest in the a) veins b) elastic arteries c) arterioles d) capillaries

A blood vessel that ranges from 0.3 mm to about 1 cm in diameter and has a large tunica media relatie to the size of the lumen is a) an elastic artery b) a capillary c) a muscular artery d) an arteriole

In a capillary bed, relaxation of the precapillary sphincters causes more blood to flow a) through the metarterioles b) into the arterioles c) through the true capillaries d) into the thoroughfare channels

Fenestrated capilliaries a) occur in most of the organs of the body b) have pores in their walls c) are located in the central nervous system d) permit the movement of very few molecules

What prevents the backflow of blood in veins a) thick smooth muscle and elastic layers b) valves c) increased blood pressure d) the narrowed lumen

The largest molecules that pass through the walls in continuous or fenestrated capillaries are though to use which route a) pinocytotic vesicles b) direct diffusion through the endothelium c) intercellular clefts d) tight juncitons

The diameter of a typical capillary is similar to that of a) an erythrocyte b) a sinusoid c) a venule d) a fat cell

Which of the following statements about arterioles is false a) they can lead into metarterioles b) They regulate the flow of blood to capillary beds through contraction and relaxation of the tunica media c) they have the largest content of smooth muscle in their tunica media d) They redirect blood flow in a sympathetic response to skeletal muscle

By definition, veins are a) the only vessels that lead from capillaries b) vessels that carry blood toward the heart c) vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood d) vessels that always carry nutrient-poor blood

Which body tissues lack capillaries a) tendons and ligaments b) the myocardium and epicardium of the heart c) the lens and the cornea d) bones

systemic blood pressure is regulated by adjusting the diameter of arterioles true false

In metabolically active tissues, blood is present in metarterioles, and precapillary sphincters are constricted true false

Postcapillary venules function much like true capillaries true false

Veins have less elastin in their walls than do arteries true false

Arterioles and venules have a vasa vasorum to provide nutrients to their outer walls, whereas the inner walls receive nutrients from blood in the lumen true false

Muscular arteries regulate blood flow to organs and groups of organs true false

The elastic arteries are the largest arteries near the heart true false

The external elastic lamina of muscular arteries forms ______ and its function is _______. a) outer layer of the tunica intima / contraction and relaxation of blood vessel wall to regulate the amount of blood sent downstream b) thick tunica media / regulation of the amount of blood flowing to and organ c) small arteries and capillaries within large muscular arteries / supplying blood to the larger arteries and veins d) outer layer of the tunica media / dampening pulsatile pressure produced by the heartbeat

have the greatest diameter of all arteries and includes the aorta

When cross sections of several different types of arteries are examined under a microscope, elastic arteries can be distinguished by the presence of ______ a) a thicker tunica externa relative to the thickness of other tunics, and a high amount of elastin within the tunica externa b) a thicker tunica media relative to the size of the artery, and both an internal and an external elastic lamina c) an internal elastic lamina and vasa vasorum in the tunica externa d) a tunica media of only one or two layers of smooth muscle cells e) vasa vasorum in the tunica externa, and a high concentration of elastin in the tunica media

Larger ____ are the smallest type of blood vessels to contain all three tunics

The diameter of arterioles is regulated by _____ a) the skeletal muscle pump b) local factors (chemicals) in peripheral tissues signaling smooth muscle cells to either contract or relax c) precapillary sphincters d) the parasympathetic division of the ANS adjusting diameter to regulate systemic blood pressure e) valves inside the arterioles

What is the function of valves in veins a) they help propel blood with great velocity b) they counteract low venous pressure, and prevent backflow of blood away from the heart c) they compensate for the larger lumens of veins compared to arteries of similar size d) They are the reason that a relatively higher amount of blood resides in veins, compared to arteries

capillaries that are found in most organs of the body, such as skeletal muscles, skin, and the CNS

A "coming together" of alternate pathways of blood vessels a) vasa vasorum b) vascular anastomosis c) thoroughfare channel d) converging veins e) metarterioles

Where do arterial anastomoses occur in the body a) in the spleen and near the epiphyses of long bones b) in the kidneys and around the brain c) around joints and the heart d) in the central artery of the retina and the kidneys

Which vessels supply blood to the brain a) right and left common carotid arteries b) common carotid arteries and subclavian arteries c) brachicephalic veins d) internal jugular veins

Which body regions are supplied by the brachiocephalic artery a) the entire head, the right side of the thorax, and the right upper limb b) the head, thorax and upper limbs c) the right side of the head and thorax and the right upper limb d) the right and left upper limbs

Which vessel or vessels are the first to branch off the aorta a) coronary arteries b) brachiocephalic trunk c) left subclavian artery d) common carotid arteries BLOOD IS SUPPLIED TO THE HEART THROUGH

collective name for the structures that drain the cranium a) dural sinuses b) vascular anastomosis c) inferior vena cava d) cavernous sinuses e) internal jugular vein

The hepatic portal system has two distinct capillary beds separated by a portal vein. What are the functions of these two capillary beds? a) the first nourishes the digestive tube, and the second picks up nutrients from the digestive tube b) the first picks up digested nutrients, and the second delivers these nutrients to liver cells c) the first provides oxygen to the liver, and the second picks up nutrients from the liver d) the first picks up toxins from the liver, and the second delivers them to the digestive tube for detoxification

The pulse of the facial artery is palpated a) in the anterior triangle of the neck b) anterior to the sternocleidomastoid c) anterior to the auricle of the ear near the temple d) anterior to the masseter muscle at the inferior margin of the mandible

The dorsalis pedis artery is located by a) placing the fingers behind the knee b) finding the head of the fibula and palpating inferior to its neck c) placing a finger behind the medial malleolus d) palpating between the first and second metatarsal

What artery enters the skull through the foramen spinosum and supplies the inner surface of the parietal bone, dura mater, and parts of the temporal bone a) internal carotid artery b) middle meningeal artery c) middle cerebral artery d) basilar artery

Two large (wide) arteries that have relatively superficial locations and are often wounded are the a) brachial artery and posterior intercostal arteries b) aorta and the popliteal artery c) common carotid artery and the femoral artery d) right and left coronary arteries

If a physician cannot feel a pulse in the popliteal fossa, the ______ artery is most likely narrowed by atherosclerosis a) fibular b) femoral c) greater saphenous d) dorsalis pedis

Of the following, the only unpaired dural sinus is the a) carotid sinus b) cavernous sinus c) superior sagittal sinus d) transverse sinus

Which vessel is missing in the following statement? "Tracing venous blood from the inferior left side of the posterior abdominal wall to the heart, we find that blood enters the posterior intercostal veins, the hemiazygos vein, the superior vena cava, and the right atrium a) the inferior vena cava b) the right brachiocephalic vein c) the azygos vein d) the hepatic portal vein

Which vessel is most commonly used to bypass a damages coronary artery in coronary bypass surgery a) azygos vien b) internal carotid artery c) femoral artery d) great saphenous vein

Which branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the stomach a) celiac trunk b) suprarenal arteries c) superior mesenteric artery d) inferior phrenic arteries

The cerebral arterial circle forms a loop around which structures a) the cerebellum b) the internal and external carotid arteries c) the pituitary gland and the optic chiasma d) the great vessels at the base of the heart

The abdominal aorta divides at its distal end into which arteries a) the common iliac arteries b) the internal iliac arteries c) the external iliac arteries d) the femoral arteries

Which of the following is most likely to become a varicose vein a) the fibular vein b) the saphenous vein c) the femoral vein d) the popliteal vein

The correct proximal to distal sequence of the three vessels branching from the aortic arch is a) brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian b) brachiocephalic, left subclavian, left commonn carotid c) left subclavian, left common carotid, brachiocephalic d) left common carotid, left subclavian, brachiocephalic

The internal carotid artery branches to form the a) middle meningeal and middle cerebral arteries b) posterior cerebral and posterior communicating arteries c) facial, maxillary, and superficial temporal arteries d) anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and ophthalmic arteries

Most systemic venous blood is both oxygen-poor and nutrient-poor. However, systemic venous blood that is NOT oxygen-poor is nutrient-rich occurs in a) superficial veins of the limbs b) the pulmonary veins c) the renal vein d) the hepatic portal vein

The _____ delivers arterial blood to the rotator cuff muscles and thyroid gland a) vertebral artery b) thyrocervical trunk c) costocervical trunk d) axillary artery

Systemic venous blood that is oxygen-poor but contains the lowest concentration of nitrogenous wastes occur in the a) umbilical veins of the fetus b) renal veins c) pulmonary veins d) hepatic portal vein

A preferred site to insert intravenous catheters is into the a) superficial palmar venous arch of the hand b) dorsal venous network of the hand c) great saphenous vein d) brachial vein

Which artery arises from the inferior part of the abdominal aorta and supplies the distal half of the large intestine a) inferior mesenteric artery b) gonadal artery c) median sacral artery d) superior phrenic artery

The main arteries of the sole of the foot - the medial and lateral plantar arteries - arise behind the ankle from which artery a) dorsalis pedis b) saphenous c) fibular d) posterior tibial

A dural sinus that contians a major artery and some cranial nerves within it is the a) cavernous b) inferior sagittal c) transverse d) superior sagittal

Which vessel is missing from the following statement? Tracing blood that drains from the large intestine, we find that blood drains from the distal colon is collected in the inferior mesenteric vein, merges with the splenic vein then directed to the hepatic portal vein, the liver sinusoids, and the inferior vena cava a) hepatic vein b) umbilical vein c) celiac vein d) azygos vein

The right suprarenal and gonadal veins drain into the inferior vena cava, whereas the left suprarenal and gonadal veins drain into the a) left renal vein b) superior vena cava c) hepatic portal system d) other side of the inferior vena cava

Which arteries connect the basilar artery and the internal carotid artery forming the posterior aspect of the cerebral arterial circle a) genicular arteries that encircle the knee b) ulnar artery that encircles the elbow joint c) posterior communicating arteries d) anterior communicating arteries

The extensor muscles of the forearm are supplied by which artery a) ulnar b) radial c) deep palmar arch d) posterior interosseous

The lumbar veins drain the inferior posterior abdominal wall and direct oxygen-poor blood into the a) inferior vena cava b) linternal iliac vein c) external iliac vein d) superior vena cava

Which of the following is NOT a branch of the celiac trunk a) common hepatic artery b) splenic artery c) sigmoidal artery d) left gastric artery

The right gonadal vein drains into the a) lumbar vein b) inferior vena cava c) renal vein d) internal iliac vein

The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called a) hepatic portal circulation b) cerebral circulation c) pulmonary circulation d) coronary circulation

The pulse of the posterior tibial artery is palpated behind the knee true false

The middle and posterior cerebral arteries are connected by the posterior communicating arteries true false

The internal iliac arteries supply blood both to the pelvic organs and to the lower limbs true false

The inferior vena cava ascends on the left side of the vertebral bodies and to the left of the abdominal aorta true false

The saphenous vein is not paired with an artery with the same name true false

Pulse points are superficial arteries that can be palpated and the blood pressure changes in the artery can be detected. Which of the following are pulse points in the head and neck? a) the superficial temporal artery anterior to the orbit b) facial artery at the inferior margin of the mandible c) the internal carotid artery located in the anterior triangle of the neck d) External carotid artery located in the posterior triangle of the neck

Pulse points are superficial arteries that can be palpated and the blood pressure changes in the artery can be detected. Which of the following are pulse points in the upper limb? a) brachial artery in the lateral bicipital groove b) ulnar artery at the wrist c) Brachial artery in the cubical fossa d) Ulnar artery in the anatomical snuff box

Pulse points are superficial arteries that can be palpated and the blood pressure changes in the artery can be detected. Which of the following are pulse points in the lower limb? a) The dorsalis pedis vein between the metatarsals I and II b) The anterior tibial artery posterior to the medial malleolus c) the femoral artery in the femoral triangle d) The popliteal artery in the cubical fossa

Sinuses are large veins in the head that collect venous blood usually from several sources. One of these sinuses is called the cavernous sinus. Why is the cavernous sinus of clinical importance? a) The danger triangle of the face is drained by the facial vein into the cavernous sinus b) Squeezing pimples on the nose and trauma to the nose and upper lip region can have negative consequences on the cavernous sinus c) The internal carotid artery and several cardinal nerves that control movement of the eyes are closely associated with the cavernous sinus d) All of the listed responses are correct

The great and small saphenous veins are superficial vessels located on the thigh and leg. They are associated with certain issues, such as: a) The small saphenous vein is located in the medial thigh region where there is a higher incidence of trauma b) The great saphenous vein is most pronounced on the posterior calf where varicose veins are most evident c) The saphenous vein are more likely to become varicose than any other vein in the lower limb d) The small saphenous vein is the vessel most commonly used in coronary artery bypass surgery

An aneurysm is a) a sac-like widening or outpocketing of an artery b) a buildup of fatty deposits on an arterial wall c) a stroke d) a rupture in an artery

A common theme to the development of atherosclerosis is a) an inflammatory response to a damaged endothelium b) a failure of the venous valves resulting in engorged and twisted vessels c) an accumulation of glycoproteins in the basement membrane of capillaries d) a ballooning out of the vessel walls

The major cause of atherosclerosis is due to the a) destruction of elastic fibers in artery walls b) formation of atheromas c) lack of formation of anastomosis between vessels d) destruction of valves in veins

Which structure shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetal heart a) ductus arteriosus b) ductus venosus c) fossa ovalis d) foramen ovale

Which vessel carries fetal blood with the highest concentration of oxygen a) inferior vena cava b) aorta c) umbilical vein d) umbilical artery

Which pair of structures listed is INACCURATE a) foramen ovale; fossa ovalis b) ductus venosus; ligamentum venosum c) ductus arteriosus; ligamentum arteriosum d) umbilical artery; ligamentum teres

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between fetal circulation and newborn circulation a) fetal circulation bypasses the pulmonary circuit via the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus b) Newborn circulation provides blood to the placenta through the paired umbilical arteries c) Fetal circulation sends blood to the pulmonary circuit through the pulmonary trunk d) Newborn blood allows passage of blood between the right atrium and left atrium

Which of the following vessels is bypassed by the ductus venous in the fetal circulation a) most liver vessels b) pulmonary trunk c) inferior vena cava d) most pulmonary vessels

A baby is born with an incomplete closure of the foramen ovale. Which of the following statements regarding blood flow through the baby's cardivascular system would be true a) Blood would mix between the left atrium and right atrium b) Blood would be shunted from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta c) Blood would not flow to the lungs d) Blood would mix between the left atrium and right atrium AND would be shunted fro the pulmonary trunk to the aorta e) blood would mix between the left atrium and right atrium, would be shunted from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, AND would not flow to the lungs.

Why do arteries and veins of the pulmonary circuit have thinner walls than those of comparable diameter in the systemic circuit a) Only blood of the pulmonary circuit passes through these vessels b) The maximum arterial pressure in the pulmonary circuit is about 1/6th that of the systemic circuit c) There are more valves in the vessels of the pulmonary circuit, decreasing the need for thicker-walled vessels d) The blood vessels of the pulmonary circuit are under higher pressure than those of the systemic circuit, which requires that their walls be thinner and more flexible

________ arteries are arteries that carry deoxygenated blood

The foramen ovale in the heart normally closes a) shortly after birth b) in the 7 month fetus c) in the 2 month fetus d) never

What vessel in the fetus connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch so that most of the blood bypasses the immature lungs a) foramen ovale b) ductus venosus c) ductus arteriosus d) umbilical vein

In the adult, the hepatic portal system carries nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract to the liver. In the fetus, nutrients are absorbed at the placenta, and the vessel that carries these nutrients to the liver is the a) internal iliac vein b) hepatic portal vein c) umbilical vein d) placental vein

Blood passing through the fetal ductus arteriosus bypasses the a) pulmonary trunk and lungs b) lungs, left atrium, and ventricle c) right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and lungs d) right atrium and ventricle

Paired fetal umbilical veins carry blood from the fetus to the placenta, whereas the unpaired umbilical artery returns blood from the placenta to the fetus true false

Which of the following statements concerning the branches of the aortic arch is true a) The brachiocephalic trunk branches into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries b) The left brachiocephalic artery supplies blood to the arm and head on the left side of the body c) the branches of the aortic arch are located in the region of T5-T12

The external carotid arteries branch to all of the following arteries, EXCEPT the ______ a) superior thyroid artery b) facial artery c) lingual artery d) middle cerebral artery

Which artery is a branch of the subclavian artery a) thoracoacromial artery b) lateral thoracic artery c) internal thoracic artery d) anteiror intercostal arteries

The _______ artery supplies oxygenated blood to the pectoralis muscles and deltoid muscle

The arteries supplying the orbits and most of the medial cerebral cortex are the_____ a) anterior branches of the internal carotid arteries b) middle cerebral arteries c) vertebral arteries d) posterior cerebral arteries e) basilar arteries

The right and left vertebral arteries join to form the ________ at the region of the brain stem a) posterior communicating arteries b) superior thyroid artery c) occipital artery d) posterior cerebral arteries e) cerebral arterial circle f) basilar artery

______ veins lie just deep to the skin, unaccompanied by an artery of the same name

What is the function of the first capillary bed of the hepatic portal system a) It carries blood to the liver sinusoids and then to the hepatic veins b) It carries blood into the right and left gastric veins c) It picks up nutrients and toxins from capillaries in the stomach and intestines

What is the most dangerous sign of portal hypertension brought about by cirrhosis of the liver a) high blood pressure b) high blood sugar c) bursting of veins in the inferior esophogus d) formation of blood clots and pulmonary emboli e) atherosclerosis

If the ______ pulse is absent, it may indicate atherosclerosis in the femoral artery

The basilic vein is a superficial vein that ________ a) drains almost all of the blood from the brain b) arises from the medial aspect of the hand's dorsal venous network and ascends along the posteromedial forearm and anteromedial arm, where it joins the brachial vein c) is the most frequently used vessel for coronary bypass surgery

Veins entering the right atrium include which of the following a) superior and inferior venae cavae and the brachiocephalic veins b) axygous vein, superior vena cava, and right brachiocephalic vein c) superior and inferior venae cavae and the coronary sinus

The superior mesenteric artery supplies__________ a) most of the small intestines and the proximal half of the large intestine b) the adrenal glands c) the distal half of the large intestine

The gonadal arteries are specifically called _______ arteries in females

The latissimus dorsi muscle is supplied by the ______ artery

Which veins most often provide emergency pathways through which blood can return to the heart in portal hypertension a) popliteal vein and great saphenous vein b) veins of the inferior esophagus, hemorrhoidal veins of the anal canal, and superficial veins of the anterior abdominal wall c) external and internal jugular veins d) hepatic portal vein and splenic vein

The ________ vein ascends along the center of the thoracic vertebral bodies and joins the superior vena cava at the level of T4

Which of these combinations accurately describes branches of the celiac trunk a) left gastric, splenic, common hepatic, and left gastroepiploic arteries b) gluteal, internal pudendal, and obturatory arteries c) right ileocolic, right colic, and middle colic arteries

Which vessels merge to form the basilar artery a) posterior cerebral arteries b) vertebral arteries c) internal carotid arteries d) posterior communicating arteries hint: in the brain

which structure does NOT receive its blood from a branch off the celiac trunk a) dueodenum b) jejunum c) liver d) spleen e) stomach f) pancreas

Which of the following is true of deep vein thromboses of the lower limb a) it is caused by a chromosomal defect b) clots can detach and travel to the pulmonary trunk, causing a pulmonary emolism c) this condition is more prevalent in very active people; dehydration being a contributing factor d) this condition affects 10% to 20% of all hospital patients annually

In fetal circulation the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus a) return blood to the liver for processing b) carry blood to the placenta and pick up oxygen and nutrients c) shunt blood away from pulmonary circulation d) return blood from the placenta to the fetus

Which of the following is true of atherosclerosis a) statins work extremely well as cardiovascular drano b) early stage of plaque development decrease vessel diameter c) complicated plaques increase vessels pliability, decreasing risk from myocardial infarction, ulceration, or platelet adhesion d) accumulation of foam cells initiates the fatty streak stage