A force that is important in driving plate tectonics is
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slab pull, ridge push, upwelling mantle such as hot spots
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How fast do plates move relative to one another
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centimeters per year
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A convergent plate boundary is most likely associated with
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oceanic trench
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Mid-ocean ridges form where two ocean plates
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diverge
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iron oxide mineral commonly has a reddish color and constantly has red streak. What mineral is it
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hematite
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which of the following is true about ricks and minerals
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a rock can contain more than one mineral, a mineral is composed of chemical elements, a single rock can include more than one mineral
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which is not a major class of rock forming minerals
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argonites
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how do silica tetrahedra bond in silicate minerals
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with each other by sharing an oxygen, with other elements such as potassium, in single to double chains, in sheets
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important characteristics to observe in rocks include
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types of minerals present, size and shape of crystals, presence or absence of layers
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which of the following is true about tests we can perform on a mineral
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a softer mineral cannot scratch a harder mineral, most common minerals do not react with dilute hydrochloric acid, a streak plate is not used to determine how hard a mineral is, most minerals are not strongly magnetic
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in which type of bonding do atoms loan one or more electrons
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ionic
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what are two main ways that minerals are put together in rocks
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crystalline vas clastic
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a mineral property that can be observed without using a test is
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cleavage
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what type of elements are in the group that includes elements C, O, and S
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nonmetals
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the mineral halite has cubed shaped crystals because
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of the arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice
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which of the following is very common in oceanic crust
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dark-colored silicate minerals
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the three elements most abundant in the entire earth are
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iron, oxygen, silicon
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which of the following is a mineral
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ice
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which of the following is not a mineral
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liquid water, crystals grown in a lab, volcanic glass, piece of wood
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rows in the periodic table correspond to
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the number of electron shells
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the two elements most abundant in the earths crust are
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silicon and oxygen
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which of the following is not a main type of silicate structure
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triple chains
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which class of mineral forms when the element C is bonded with the mineral O, as in the mineral calcite
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carbonates
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if a mineral cleaves into thin sheets, it probably has
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one dominant direction of cleavage
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common uses of minerals
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hematite and magnetite are used for iron and steel, halite is used as salt, phosphorous is used in fertilizer, feldspar is used in ceramics
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a cube of some rock weighs 6 grams and a same sized cube of water weighs 2 grams, what is the specific gravity of this rock
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3
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mineral that is characterized by a reddish streak
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hematite
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which mineral is commonly pinkish and has light colored wavy lines
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potassium feldspar
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what class of minerals form when the element Cl or F is bonded with a metal, as in the mineral halite
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halides
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in which type of bonding do atoms share one or more electrons
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covalent
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which of the following rock types requires resolved gas in the magma
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pumice
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which of the following minerals would likely crystalize early from magma
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mafic minerals
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the main cause of melting along subduction zones is the
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release of water from the subduction plate
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which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the slowest cooling
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coarse granite
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what type of volcano is broad and low, and composed of basaltic lava flows
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shield volcano
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hot spots in oceanic settings typically produce
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lines or clusters of volcanic islands
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a hot spot is interpreted to have formed from
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a rising plume of hot mantle material
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what was the most damaging type of eruption that occurred at Vesuvius in Italy
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one or more pyroclastic flows hit the city of pompeii
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which of the following is least likely to be a volcano
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a hill capped by volcanic rocks
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a lava solidifies into non vesicular basalt instead of vesicular basalt because
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the magma has a low content of gas
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which of the following is a hazard, not a risk, according to the text book
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a scoria cone that erupts hot molten fragments on an unpopulated Pacific Island
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large, symmetrical volcano that contains inter layered lava flow, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows
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composite volcano
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the main cause of caldera collapse is
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collapse of the roof of a magma chamber as magma erupts
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composite volcanoes are so called because they
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are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows
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which of the following acts to keep a rock solid instead of melting
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an increase in confining pressure
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a porphyritic igneous texture indicates that
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the rock rolled slowly and then quickly
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a hot spot is interpreted to have formed from
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a rising plume of hot mantle material
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a vesicular igneous texture indicates that
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there was a lot of gas in the magma
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coarsely crystalline igneous textures indicate that
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the rock cooled slowly
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which of the following is likely to have eruptions of basalt
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mid-ocean ridge
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which of following rock types requires dissolved gas in the magma
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pumice
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which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the fastest cooling
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volcanic glass
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which of the following is common in most calderas
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a large circular depression with steep walls, thick sequences of volcanic ash, rounded mountains that are volcanic domes
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volcano that is relatively small and composed of volcanic cinders
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scoria cone
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on the sun, ___ atoms are formed together in a process called nuclear fusion
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hydrogen
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metamorphism involves which three processes
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heat, deformation, and pressure
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magma is molten rock that occurs
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underground
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glaciers are huge flowing fields of compressed
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snow and ice
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rock that has solidified from magma is a
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igneous rock
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which type of crust is thicker
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continental
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continental crust is much like
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granite
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oceanic crust is
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basalt
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the mantle is
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olivine
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the core is
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iron and nickel
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the decay of radioactive elements such as uranium create
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heat
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the other three terrestrial planets are
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mercury venus and mars
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molten rock on earth's surface
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lava
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the balance or equilibrium of adjacent blocks of brittle lithosphere floating on the ductile asthenosphere
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isostasy
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changing a rock by heat, pressure or deformation is called
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metamorphism
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primary difference between the continents and ocean basin
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different rock types and different rock thicknesses
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two factors that affect regional elevations are
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temperature of the lithosphere and density of the rock
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the largest of earth's concentric zones by volume
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mantle
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lithosphere
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crust and upper mantle
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layers within sedimentary rock are called
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beds or bedding
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broad, flat topped mountain with deep sides
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mesa
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smaller, deep sided mountain
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butte
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for a plate to move, the driving forces must exceed the
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resisting forces
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the process of one plate sliding beneath another plate is called
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subduction
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the place where three plate boundaries meet is called a
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triple junction
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horizontal movements between plates occur at
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transform faults
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curving island chains across the seafloor that are mainly volcanic in origin
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island arcs
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when two continental masses converge, it is referred to as a
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continental collision
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cracks and steps cross the seafloor mostly at right angles to the mid ocean ridges
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oceanic fracture zones
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the majority of transform boundaries are found
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in conjunction with mid-ocean ridges
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when divergent boundaries occur on continents, the process is called
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continental rifting
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mountains beneath the oceans that do not reach the surface are called
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seamounts
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some continents continue outward from the shoreline under shallow seawater forming submerged benches known as
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continental shelves
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plates move how many cm per year
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1-15
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the Ring of Fire occurs from subduction on both sides of the
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Pacific Ocean
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tectonic plates are composed of ___ and move around the ___
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lithosphere; asthenosphere
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the zig-zag pattern od mid-ocean ridges reflects the alternation of spreading segments with
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transform faults
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earthquakes are more common around the edges of continents and along
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mid ocean ridges
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as two oceanic plates diverge at mid-ocean ridges, melting of the rising mantle is due to
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decompression
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