Match the following rock to their equivalent aphanitic or phaneritic igneous rock.
Asking for: Basalt
answer
Gabbro , phaneritic , intrusive
question
Match the following rock to their equivalent aphanitic or phaneritic igneous rock.
Asking for: Diorite
answer
Andesite , aphanitic , extrusive
question
Match the following rock to their equivalent aphanitic or phaneritic igneous rock.
Asking for: Granite
answer
Rhyolite , aphanitic , extrusive
question
Definition:
A tabular, concordant pluton that is nearly horizontal and forms when magma exploits a weakness between sedimentary layers
answer
Sill
question
True/False - Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980:
The most powerful explosive event was preceded by a massive landslide.
answer
True
question
What experiments did Tuttle and Bowen perform?
answer
Tested the temperature and pressure conditions required to melt granite and form magma.
(They added water to the experiment)
First mineral to melt: Quartz
Crystallize early: Olivine
question
Why is Tuttle and Bowen's experiment useful to Geologist?
answer
The experiment allows geologist to interpret where granitic rock solidify beneath earths surface.
question
How does water content of granitic magmas change as the magmas move towards earth's surface?
answer
Water content decreases
question
When will granitic magma remain magma beneath the earth's surface?
answer
When magma remains below the depth at which magma becomes solid
When magma retains enough water to keep it from solidifying regardless of depth
question
True/False - Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980:
Mudflows accompanied the major eruptive events.
answer
True
question
What role will water play in generating magma?
answer
Water will lower the melting temperature of the rock
question
True/False - Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980:
During the eruptive period, the mountain peak was substantially built up by new lava flows and pyroclastic debris.
answer
True
question
Definition:
A mineral that makes up a relatively small portion of a total rock composition
answer
Accessory mineral
question
What is the difference between granite and rhyolite?
answer
Granite is phaneritic
Rhyolite is aphanitic
question
Define aphanitic:
answer
Grains of rock are too small to see
(characteristic of a rock)
question
Define phaneritic:
answer
Grains are large enough to see
(characteristic of a rock)
question
When identifying a rock, what two characteristics will best help identify a rock?
answer
Luster / Hardness
question
What do pumice and scoria have in common?
answer
Both exhibit vesicular texture
question
What is the classification of igneous rocks based on?
answer
Composition and Texture
question
Basalt is an igneous rock that can be identified by its small crystals.
What are they composed of?
answer
Pyroxene
Calcium rich plagioclase
feldspar
question
___________ are where valence electrons are transferred to other atoms.
answer
Ionic bonds
question
___________ are where valence electrons are shared between atoms.
answer
Covalent bonds
question
When valence electrons are shared amongst the atoms in a substance the result product is a _____________ _____.
answer
Metallic rock
question
Definition:
Describes a very large, widespread, and deep intrusive body igneous rocks.
answer
Batholith
question
Definition:
Igneous rock that contains no mineral crystals.
answer
Obsidian
question
Definition:
Describes a texture containing bubble shaped cavaties
answer
Vasicular (texture)
question
Hawaii's Kilauea and Mauna Loa are what type of volcanoes?
answer
Basaltic shield volcanoes
question
Lava flows are typically finer grained that intrusive igneous rocks. Why?
answer
The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.
question
What volcanic events formed Crater Lake, OR? When did they take place?
answer
Caldera collapse forward major ash and pyroclastic flow eruptions; over 7000 years ago.
question
What type of volcano are the big volcanoes of Hawaii?
answer
Shield Volcano
question
How are igneous rocks formed?
answer
By the cooling and crystallization of molten rock.
question
What defines Intrusive igneous rocks?
answer
Cooled under the earth's surface.
question
What defines Extrusive rocks?
answer
Cooled at the earth's surface.
question
How do you classify Intrusive and Extrusive igneous rocks?
answer
How quickly the molten rock cools and crystalizes, and where this occurs with respect to earth's surface.
question
Definition:
Massive; gently sloping volcanoes built of successive, basaltic lava flows
answer
Shield Volcano
question
Definition:
Small basaltic cones built during one, short, eruptive episode.
answer
Cinder Cone Volcano
question
Definition:
A product of rapid cooling and crystallization of lava
answer
Fine-grained texture
question
What is required to generate an igneous rock with a fine-grained texture?
answer
A product of rapid cooling and crystallization.
question
Definition:
Large, fairley steep-sided cones composed of lavas and pyroclastic layers
answer
Composite/Statro Volcano
question
Which type of basaltic lava flow has its surface covered with sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble?
answer
aa
question
Which of the follow describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?
answer
Luster
question
What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?
answer
Oxygen
question
The Icelandic volcanoes are related to plate tectonics because ___________.
answer
They lie on a spreading center where two plates are moving apart.
question
What texture does "magma cools and consolidates without growth of mineral gains" describe?
answer
Glassy
question
What texture does "a magnifying glass or microscope is needed to see individual mineral grains" describe?
answer
Aphanitic
question
What texture does "rock has two or more, distinctly different-sized populations of mineral grains" describe?
answer
Porphyritic
question
What texture does "mineral grains are of roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without a microscope or magnifying glass" describe?
answer
Phaneritic
question
What mineral is a ferromagnesian silicate?
answer
Hornblende
question
___________ are places within the mantle where rocks melt to generate magma.
answer
Hot spots
question
Which of the following is associated with deep mantle hot spots?
answer
The volcanoes of Hawaii and the Quaternary activity in Yellowstone National Park.
question
Define a mineral.
answer
The constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure
question
Define a rock.
answer
A lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains
question
____ __________ and _________ ___ tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano.
answer
High viscosity and dissolved gas
question
Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature?
answer
Halite
question
Definition:
Mudflows produced by melting of snow and glaciers on composite volcanoes
answer
Lahars
question
Minerals are: (list 3)
answer
They can be identified by characteristic physical properties
Have a specific, internal, crystalline structure
and Predictable chemical composition
question
______ is a well tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations.
answer
Theory
question
Definition:
Microscopic pieces of rock ejected by a volcano.
answer
Volcanic Ash
question
What flows out of a volcanic vent?
answer
Lava
question
Sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral gains in a rock is known as
answer
Texture
question
Definition:
A volcanic feature in which magma rises through *before* it is released at the surface.
answer
Conduit
question
________ are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism.
answer
Water and Carbon Dioxide
question
Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?
answer
Double chains
question
What lies underneath volcanic features at earth's surface?
answer
Magma Chambers and Magma Conduits
question
How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?
answer
They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.
question
What provided geologists with the first comprehensive model of Earths internal workings?
answer
Theory of Plates Tectonics
question
What *carbonate mineral* reacts readily hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide?
answer
Calcite
question
Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface?
answer
Pahoehoe
question
What is a volcanic conduit called after the conduit has solidified and exposed by erosion?
answer
Volcanic neck
question
What is a volcanic Conduit called after the Conduit has been solidified and has been exposed by erosion?
answer
before: Conduit --> *after: Volcanic Neck*
question
What is a Magma chamber called after the Conduit has been solidified and has been exposed by erosion?
answer
Before: Magma chamber --> *after: Batholith*
question
Atoms of the same element have the same number of?
answer
Protons in the Nucleus
question
A ____________ texture would be most unlikely to occur in an *extrusive* igneous rock.
answer
Phaneritic
question
_________ is thought to be common in the Earth's mantle but rare in the crust?
answer
Periodtite
question
Greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes?
answer
circum-Pacific area
question
______ destroyed the city of St. Pierre, Martinique in 1902.
answer
A nuee' ardente
question
_________ denotes the massive, *positively charged*, nuclear particles?
answer
Protons
question
_______ is the last mineral to crystallize on Bowen's Reaction Series
answer
Felsic
question
Accurate description of ionic bonding?
answer
atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons.. etc
question
Group of the same kind of atoms
answer
Element
question
Definition:
Minerals form by natural geologic processes
answer
1.Natural occurring
question
Definition:
Only crystallized substances are considered minerals
answer
3. Solid Substance
question
Definition:
Minerals are crystalline substances, which means their atoms are arranged in an orderly, repetitive manner
answer
4. Orderly crystalline structure
question
5 ways of defining a mineral?
answer
1.Natural occurring
2. Generally inorganic
3. Solid substance
4. Orderly crystalline structure
5. Definite chemical composition that allows for some variation
question
Definition:
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
answer
atomic number
question
Most elements tend to join with atoms of other elements to form _____ _____. Most minerals are ______ _______ composed of atoms of two or elements
answer
chemical compound / chemical compounds
question
Definition:
when valence electrons are transferred between the elements to form ions
answer
Ionic bond
question
Definition:
color of a mineral in powdered form
answer
Streak
question
Definition:
appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral
Match the following rock to their equivalent aphanitic or phaneritic igneous rock.
Asking for: Basalt
answer
Gabbro , phaneritic , intrusive
question
Match the following rock to their equivalent aphanitic or phaneritic igneous rock.
Asking for: Diorite
answer
Andesite , aphanitic , extrusive
question
Match the following rock to their equivalent aphanitic or phaneritic igneous rock.
Asking for: Granite
answer
Rhyolite , aphanitic , extrusive
question
Definition:
A tabular, concordant pluton that is nearly horizontal and forms when magma exploits a weakness between sedimentary layers
answer
Sill
question
True/False - Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980:
The most powerful explosive event was preceded by a massive landslide.
answer
True
question
What experiments did Tuttle and Bowen perform?
answer
Tested the temperature and pressure conditions required to melt granite and form magma.
(They added water to the experiment)
First mineral to melt: Quartz
Crystallize early: Olivine
question
Why is Tuttle and Bowen's experiment useful to Geologist?
answer
The experiment allows geologist to interpret where granitic rock solidify beneath earths surface.
question
How does water content of granitic magmas change as the magmas move towards earth's surface?
answer
Water content decreases
question
When will granitic magma remain magma beneath the earth's surface?
answer
When magma remains below the depth at which magma becomes solid
When magma retains enough water to keep it from solidifying regardless of depth
question
True/False - Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980:
Mudflows accompanied the major eruptive events.
answer
True
question
What role will water play in generating magma?
answer
Water will lower the melting temperature of the rock
question
True/False - Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980:
During the eruptive period, the mountain peak was substantially built up by new lava flows and pyroclastic debris.
answer
True
question
Definition:
A mineral that makes up a relatively small portion of a total rock composition
answer
Accessory mineral
question
What is the difference between granite and rhyolite?
answer
Granite is phaneritic
Rhyolite is aphanitic
question
Define aphanitic:
answer
Grains of rock are too small to see
(characteristic of a rock)
question
Define phaneritic:
answer
Grains are large enough to see
(characteristic of a rock)
question
When identifying a rock, what two characteristics will best help identify a rock?
answer
Luster / Hardness
question
What do pumice and scoria have in common?
answer
Both exhibit vesicular texture
question
What is the classification of igneous rocks based on?
answer
Composition and Texture
question
Basalt is an igneous rock that can be identified by its small crystals.
What are they composed of?
answer
Pyroxene
Calcium rich plagioclase
feldspar
question
___________ are where valence electrons are transferred to other atoms.
answer
Ionic bonds
question
___________ are where valence electrons are shared between atoms.
answer
Covalent bonds
question
When valence electrons are shared amongst the atoms in a substance the result product is a _____________ _____.
answer
Metallic rock
question
Definition:
Describes a very large, widespread, and deep intrusive body igneous rocks.
answer
Batholith
question
Definition:
Igneous rock that contains no mineral crystals.
answer
Obsidian
question
Definition:
Describes a texture containing bubble shaped cavaties
answer
Vasicular (texture)
question
Hawaii's Kilauea and Mauna Loa are what type of volcanoes?
answer
Basaltic shield volcanoes
question
Lava flows are typically finer grained that intrusive igneous rocks. Why?
answer
The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.
question
What volcanic events formed Crater Lake, OR? When did they take place?
answer
Caldera collapse forward major ash and pyroclastic flow eruptions; over 7000 years ago.
question
What type of volcano are the big volcanoes of Hawaii?
answer
Shield Volcano
question
How are igneous rocks formed?
answer
By the cooling and crystallization of molten rock.
question
What defines Intrusive igneous rocks?
answer
Cooled under the earth's surface.
question
What defines Extrusive rocks?
answer
Cooled at the earth's surface.
question
How do you classify Intrusive and Extrusive igneous rocks?
answer
How quickly the molten rock cools and crystalizes, and where this occurs with respect to earth's surface.
question
Definition:
Massive; gently sloping volcanoes built of successive, basaltic lava flows
answer
Shield Volcano
question
Definition:
Small basaltic cones built during one, short, eruptive episode.
answer
Cinder Cone Volcano
question
Definition:
A product of rapid cooling and crystallization of lava
answer
Fine-grained texture
question
What is required to generate an igneous rock with a fine-grained texture?
answer
A product of rapid cooling and crystallization.
question
Definition:
Large, fairley steep-sided cones composed of lavas and pyroclastic layers
answer
Composite/Statro Volcano
question
Which type of basaltic lava flow has its surface covered with sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble?
answer
aa
question
Which of the follow describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?
answer
Luster
question
What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?
answer
Oxygen
question
The Icelandic volcanoes are related to plate tectonics because ___________.
answer
They lie on a spreading center where two plates are moving apart.
question
What texture does "magma cools and consolidates without growth of mineral gains" describe?
answer
Glassy
question
What texture does "a magnifying glass or microscope is needed to see individual mineral grains" describe?
answer
Aphanitic
question
What texture does "rock has two or more, distinctly different-sized populations of mineral grains" describe?
answer
Porphyritic
question
What texture does "mineral grains are of roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without a microscope or magnifying glass" describe?
answer
Phaneritic
question
What mineral is a ferromagnesian silicate?
answer
Hornblende
question
___________ are places within the mantle where rocks melt to generate magma.
answer
Hot spots
question
Which of the following is associated with deep mantle hot spots?
answer
The volcanoes of Hawaii and the Quaternary activity in Yellowstone National Park.
question
Define a mineral.
answer
The constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure
question
Define a rock.
answer
A lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains
question
____ __________ and _________ ___ tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano.
answer
High viscosity and dissolved gas
question
Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature?
answer
Halite
question
Definition:
Mudflows produced by melting of snow and glaciers on composite volcanoes
answer
Lahars
question
Minerals are: (list 3)
answer
They can be identified by characteristic physical properties
Have a specific, internal, crystalline structure
and Predictable chemical composition
question
______ is a well tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations.
answer
Theory
question
Definition:
Microscopic pieces of rock ejected by a volcano.
answer
Volcanic Ash
question
What flows out of a volcanic vent?
answer
Lava
question
Sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral gains in a rock is known as
answer
Texture
question
Definition:
A volcanic feature in which magma rises through *before* it is released at the surface.
answer
Conduit
question
________ are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism.
answer
Water and Carbon Dioxide
question
Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?
answer
Double chains
question
What lies underneath volcanic features at earth's surface?
answer
Magma Chambers and Magma Conduits
question
How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?
answer
They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.
question
What provided geologists with the first comprehensive model of Earths internal workings?
answer
Theory of Plates Tectonics
question
What *carbonate mineral* reacts readily hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide?
answer
Calcite
question
Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface?
answer
Pahoehoe
question
What is a volcanic conduit called after the conduit has solidified and exposed by erosion?
answer
Volcanic neck
question
What is a volcanic Conduit called after the Conduit has been solidified and has been exposed by erosion?
answer
before: Conduit --> *after: Volcanic Neck*
question
What is a Magma chamber called after the Conduit has been solidified and has been exposed by erosion?
answer
Before: Magma chamber --> *after: Batholith*
question
Atoms of the same element have the same number of?
answer
Protons in the Nucleus
question
A ____________ texture would be most unlikely to occur in an *extrusive* igneous rock.
answer
Phaneritic
question
_________ is thought to be common in the Earth's mantle but rare in the crust?
answer
Periodtite
question
Greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes?
answer
circum-Pacific area
question
______ destroyed the city of St. Pierre, Martinique in 1902.
answer
A nuee' ardente
question
_________ denotes the massive, *positively charged*, nuclear particles?
answer
Protons
question
_______ is the last mineral to crystallize on Bowen's Reaction Series
answer
Felsic
question
Accurate description of ionic bonding?
answer
atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons.. etc
question
Group of the same kind of atoms
answer
Element
question
Definition:
Minerals form by natural geologic processes
answer
1.Natural occurring
question
Definition:
Only crystallized substances are considered minerals
answer
3. Solid Substance
question
Definition:
Minerals are crystalline substances, which means their atoms are arranged in an orderly, repetitive manner
answer
4. Orderly crystalline structure
question
5 ways of defining a mineral?
answer
1.Natural occurring
2. Generally inorganic
3. Solid substance
4. Orderly crystalline structure
5. Definite chemical composition that allows for some variation
question
Definition:
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
answer
atomic number
question
Most elements tend to join with atoms of other elements to form _____ _____. Most minerals are ______ _______ composed of atoms of two or elements
answer
chemical compound / chemical compounds
question
Definition:
when valence electrons are transferred between the elements to form ions
answer
Ionic bond
question
Definition:
color of a mineral in powdered form
answer
Streak
question
Definition:
appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral
answer
Luster
question
Definition:
Minerals toughness
answer
Tenacity
question
Definition:
describe density of minerals
answer
Specific Gravity
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