An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____.
answer
water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized
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_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up.
answer
An increase ... a drop
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Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?
answer
the tracheal system of an insect
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If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except _____
answer
the pulmonary vein
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Select the correct statement about capillary beds.
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Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.
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Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries?
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Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.
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Stroke occurs when _____.
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a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue
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Which of the following best describes an artery?
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Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
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Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures?
answer
earthworm
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Pulse is a direct measure of _____
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heart rate
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When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?
answer
rising CO2
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the three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles
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The three-chambered hearts of amphibians and nonbird reptiles are facultative, allowing variation in blood flow through the heart.
(The three-chambered heart allows the blood to bypass pulmonary circulation when the vertebrate is underwater or reliant on pulmonary circulation for oxygenating the blood.)
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Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____.
answer
capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs
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The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls.
answer
capillaries
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Blood pressure is highest in the _____.
answer
aorta
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Most gas exchange with blood vessels occurs across the walls of the _____.
answer
alveoli 肺泡
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Arteries carry blood _____.
answer
away from the heart only
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Blood returns to the heart via the _____.
answer
pulmonary veins
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From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.
answer
left atrium
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From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.
answer
right atrium
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From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.
answer
posterior vena cava
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The food and air cross ___.
answer
pharynx å’½
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Voice sounds are produced by the _____.
answer
larynx å–‰
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_____ is the location of the respiratory surface, where gases are actually exchanged.
answer
Alveoli
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_____ is the fine tubes that carries inhaled air to the alveoli.
answer
Bronchiole 细支气管
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_____ is the tubes that carries exhaled air from the lung to the trachea.
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Bronchus 支气管
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_____ is the sheet of muscle that helps air move in and out of the lungs.
answer
Diaphragm
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windpipe means _____
answer
trachea
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The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.
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nasal cavity
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Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____.
answer
as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)
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By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____.
answer
acidic
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In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____.
answer
combined with hemoglobin
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Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in three ways:
answer
- Some carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood plasma.
Some carbon dioxide is found in red blood cells, bound to the protein hemoglobin.
Some carbon dioxide reacts with water to form bicarbonate, which is carried in blood plasma.
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