Chapter 24 (Saladin): Water, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balance

Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found? A. the intracellular fluid (ICF) B. the extracellular fluid (ECF) C. tissue (interstitial) fluid D. blood plasma and lymph E. the transcellular fluid

What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another? A. the temperature difference between compartments B. the relative concentration of solutes in each compartment C. the relative volume in each compartment D. the relative size of each compartment E. blood pressure

In which of these compartments would fluid accumulate in edema? A. intracellular fluid (ICF) B. transcellular fluid C. tissue (interstitial) fluid D. blood plasma E. lymph

Most body water intake is from _____, whereas most body water is lost via ___. A. metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration B. metabolic water; sweat C. drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air D. drinking; urine E. drinking; radiation

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called A. baroreceptors B. proprioceptors C. nociceptors D. osmoreceptors E. mechanoreceptors

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? A. it stimulates angiotensin II secretion B. it promotes water conservation C. it stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors D. it inhibits salivation and thirst E. it targets the cerebral cortex

Water output is significantly controlled by variating A. metabolic water production B. sweating C. cutaneous transpiration D. drinking E. urine volume

Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high A. ADH release is inhibited B. ADH release is stimulated C. renal tubules reabsorb more water D. renal tubules reabsorb more sodium E. the kidneys produce less urine

Which of the following can prolonged exposure to cold weather can lead to A. fluid sequestration in the upper limbs B. hypotonic hydration C. hypovolemia D. a positive water balance E. a negative water balance

In response to dehydration, osmoreceptors stimulate secretion of A. ADH B. calcitonin C. ANP D. sodium ions E. bicarbonate ions

A hemorrhage results in which of the following? A. a decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity B. a decrease in water volume an dan increase osmolarity C. a decrease water volume and a decrease osmolarity D. an increase in ECF volume but a decrease in ICF volume E. a decrease in ECF volume but an increase ICF volume

Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following? A. cooling of the mouth B. distention of the stomach by ingested water C. a drop in blood osmolarity D. moistening of the mouth E. increased salivation

D. Na+ What is the principal cation of the ECF? A. Ca2+ B. Cl- C. K+ D. Na+ E. Pi

Aldosterone receptors are found on cells of A. the adrenal cortex. B. the adrenal medulla. C. the posterior pituitary. D. the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). E. the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

Aldosterone A. increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption. B. increases both Na+ and K+ secretion. C. increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. D. reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. E. causes the urine to be more diluted.

Hypernatremia is a plasma ___ concentration above normal. A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. K+ D. Cl- E. Pi

What is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments A. Na+ B. Cl- C. Ca2+ D. K+ E. Pi

Which of the following does NOT stimulate aldosterone secretion A. Hypotension B. Hyponatremia C. Hyperkalemia D. High blood sodium concentration E. High blood potassium concentration

Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what? A. ADH B. aldosterone C. atrial natriuretic hormone D. oxytocin E. prolactin

What is the most abundant cation of the ICF A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. K+ D. Cl- E. Pi

What is the total body water (TBW) content of a 70 kg young male? A. 10 L B. 20 L C. 40 L D. 60 L E. 70 L

What is the greatest determinant of intracellular volume? A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. Cl- E. PO43-

Which of there conditions is NOT a result of hyperkalemia A. cells are more excitable B. the resting membrane potential is more negative C. the cells are partially depolarized D. the cells are more sensitive to stimulation E. there is less diffusion of potassium out of the cells

Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia A. cells are partially depolarized B. there is more diffusion of potassium into the cells C. cells are more excitable D. the resting membrane potential is more positive E. cells are hyperpolarized

Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except A. chronic vomiting B. diarrhea C. heavy sweating D. aldosterone hyposecretion E. excessive use of laxatives

what is the most abundant anion of the ECF. A. HCO3- B. PO43- C. HPO42- D. H2PO4- E. Cl-

Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of ___ homeostasis. A. H2PO4- B. PO43- C. HCO3- D. Na+ E. K+

Which of the following is NOT a role of calcium in the body A. it participates in muscle contraction B. it is a significant component of nucleic acids C. they serve as a second messenger D. it activates exocytosis E. it is important in blood clotting

How is calcium concentration in the body regulated A. by hormones B. by sodium and calcium concentration in plasma C. by chloride and phosphate concentration in plasma D. by the parasympathetic nervous system E. by the sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following accurately describes the inorganic phosphates (Pi) of the body fluids A. they are not a significant component of nucleic acids B. they are not important for cell membrane structure C. they are not necessary in the linking of endergonic with exergonic reactions D. they form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin E. they participate in the activation of some enzymes

Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body? A. an increase in free potassium ions in the ECF B. an increase in free calcium ions in the ECF C. an increase in free chloride ions in the ICF D. a decrease in free potassium ions in the ECF E. a decrease in free calcium ions in the ECF

Which of the following represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system? A. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ B. CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ H2CO3 C. H2CO3 CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ D. H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ E. CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+

What is the normal pH of tissue fluid? A. 6.95-7.05 B. 7.05-7.15 C. 7.15-7.25 D. 7.25-7.35 E. 7.35-7.45

What are the major chemical buffers systems of the body? A. the urinary and respiratory B. the urinary and digestive C. the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein D. the bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein E. the bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate

What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma? A. fibrinogen B. albumin C. alpha globulins D. gamma globulins E. transferrin

What protein is the most important buffer in erythrocytes? A. albumin B. fibrinogen C. gamma globulins D. hemoglobin E. myoglobin

Which of the following characterizes a weak base? A. it binds little OH- and has a weak effect on pH B. it binds lots of OH- and has a strong effect on pH C. it binds little H+ and has a weak effect on pH D. it resists changes in OH- E. it lowers the pH

When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they ___ at the same time. A. secrete potassium B. secrete sodium C. reabsorb potassium D. secrete chloride E. reabsorb sodium

Which buffer system accounts for 75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids? A. the protein buffer system B. the bicarbonate system C. the phosphate system D. the carbonic acid system E. the ammonium buffer system

The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which A. supplies the buffer system with CO2. B. supplies the buffer system with O2. C. expels HCO3- produced by the buffer system. D. expels H+ produced by the buffer system. E. expels CO2 produced by the buffer system.

Which of the following describes an antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells A. it transports bicarbonate from the tubular fluid back into the tubule cells. B. it transports H+ in both directions across the epithelium. C. it transports CO2 from the blood into the tubule cells. D. it exchanges K+ for Na+. E. it exchanges H+ for Na+.

Proteins can buffer a drop in pH by their _____ side groups and can buffer an increase in pH by their _____ side groups. A. -NH2; -PO4 B. -PO4; -COOH C. -NH2; -COOH D. -COOH; -NH2 E. -PO4; -NH2

Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells A. it causes repolarization B. it causes depolarization C. it causes hyperpolarization D. it causes depolarized above threshold

How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis? A. by secreting more bicarbonate ions B. by secreting more hydrogen ions C. by secreting more sodium D. by reabsorbing more hydrogen ions E. by reabsorbing more ammonia

Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to _______ A. metabolic alkalosis B. metabolic acidosis C. urinary alkalosis D. urinary acidosis E. respiratory acidosis

An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? A. metabolic alkalosis B. metabolic acidosis C. respiratory alkalosis D. respiratory acidosis E. digestive alkalosis

B. metabolic alkalosis Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following? A. metabolic acidosis B. metabolic alkalosis C. respiratory alkalosis D. respiratory acidosis E. lymphatic alkalosis

Emphysema can lead to which of the following? A. metabolic acidosis B. metabolic alkalosis C. respiratory alkalosis D. respiratory acidosis E. digestive alkalosis

Which of the following is NOT caused by hypernatremia? A. water retention B. edema C. hypertension D. interstitial fluid accumulation E. a reduction in plasma volume

A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms? A. hyperventilation B. hypoventilation C. decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys D. decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys

Hyperkalemia can cause acidosis, and acidosis can cause hyperkalemia. True or False?

Excessive vomiting for several days can cause metabolic acidosis. True or False?

pH values up to 7.00 are called acidic, and those above 7.00 are alkaline. A blood pH of 7.2 is, therefore, considered to be alkalosis. True or False?

The body's only sources of water are food and drink. True or False?

Hyperkalemia is more life-threatening than hypokalemia. True or False?

If the body contains too much fluid but the fluid is isotonic, a person has: A. Hypovolemia B. Fluid sequestration C. Negative water balance D. Positive water balance E. Volume excess

Which of the following has/have the greatest effect in buffering the pH of the blood plasma? A. Proteins B. Bicarbonate C. Chloride D. Ammonia E. Phosphates

Which of these is/are true? 1. Prolonged exposure to cold can inhibit ADH secretion. 2. Hypovolemia can be brought on by diabetes insipidus. 3. Dehydration can lead to circulatory shock. 4. Adults tend to be more prone to dehydration than children because of their larger size. A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 2, 3, 4 E. 1, 3, 4

Which of these is/are true? 1. ADH can change plasma sodium concentration, but aldosterone does not. 2. Estrogen and progesterone stimulate natriuresis. 3. A rapid increase in ECF potassium makes cells more likely to depolarize and can lead to cardiac arrest. 4. Hypernatremia is a result of drinking too much water. A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 2, 3, 4 E. 1, 3, 4

The ICF contains the largest amount of body water. True or False?

Which one does not belong in the IFC? A. Interstitial fluid B. Intracellular fluid C. Plasma D. Transcellular fluid

Which one does not belong for acidosis? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypovolemia C. Hypervolemia D. Hyperchloremia

The 4 Chemical buffers 1. Protein 2. Bicarbonate 3. Chloride 4. Phosphate 5. Calcitriol A. 1, 2, 4 B. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (All) C. 2, 3, 4, 5 D. 3, 4, 5 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

The Bicarbonate Buffer System A. coordinates with the lungs and kidneys to help control pH and CO2. B. To lower pH, kidneys excrete HCO3 -acidosis C. To raise pH, kidneys excrete H+ and lungs excrete CO2- alkalosis D. All of the above

Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion. True or False?

Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion. True or False?

Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration. True or False?

Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle tetanus. True or False?

Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis. True or False?

A buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one. True or False?

The three physiological buffer systems are urinary, digestive, and respiratory. True or False?

The kidneys neutralize more acid or base than any other buffer system. True or False?

Acidosis is a pH lower than 7, whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7. True or False?

Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention. True or False?

Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity. True or False?

In a state of water balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal. True or False?

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors True or False?

The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration True or False?

Hypovolemia refers to a reduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity. True or False?