A&P 2 Test 3 (**)

If you gain weight from increased adipose connective tissue, will your percentage of body fluid increase, decrease, or stay the same?

Which ions are more prevalent in the intracellular fluid? Which are more prevalent in the extracellular fluid?

When you are dehydrated, is the net movement of fluid from the blood plasma into the cells or from the cells into the blood plasma?

What are the two major sources of fluid intake? What are the different means of fluid output, and which one is regulated based on the hydrated state of the body?

What would distinguish fluid deficiency from dehydration in terms of changes in total body fluid, changes in blood osmolarity, and fluid movement between compartments?

What stimuli activate the thirst center?

What is the net direction of K+ movement in response to a decrease in pH? Why?

Compare and contrast the effects of antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin II.

What three stimuli can trigger the release of aldosterone?

What is the original stimulus for ANP release?

Which acid is formed from CO2?

How do the kidneys respond to increased acidic conditions?

Describe the change (increase, decrease, or stay the same) for each of the following variables if an individual hyperventilates: (a) blood CO2, (b) blood H+ concentration, and (c) blood pH?

What are the three chemical buffering systems, and where do they function?

How does a compensated acid-base imbalance differ from an uncompensated acid-base imbalance?

Airway obstruction or injury to the respiratory center would tend to lead to which type of respiratory acid-base disorder?

Vomiting can cause what type of metabolic acid-base disturbance?

A comparison of the two major body fluid compartments reveals that: two-thirds of the total fluid is outside our cells and one-third is within our cells. two-thirds of the total fluid is within our cells and one-third is outside our cells. half of the total fluid is within our cells and half is outside our cells. six-sevenths of the total fluid is within our cells and one-seventh is outside our cells. six-sevenths of the total fluid is outside our cells and one-seventh is within our cells.

The plasma of our blood constitutes ______ than half of the fluid in our body; plasma is part of the _____________ fluid. more, intracellular more, extracellular less, intracellular less, extracellular

Interstitial fluid composes about ________ of the body's extracellular fluid. one-tenth one-third one-half two-thirds nine-tenths

When compared to extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid contains: more potassium and more negatively charged proteins. more potassium but fewer negatively charged proteins. less potassium but more negatively charged proteins. less potassium and less negatively charged proteins.

Interstitial fluid has a relatively _______ concentration of sodium and chloride; the concentrations of ions within the interstitial fluid and blood plasma are very ______. high, similar high, different low, similar low, different

Drinking a liter of water will cause the osmolarity of blood plasma to: increase. decrease.

As an individual becomes dehydrated, the net movement of fluid in their body is from cells toward plasma. True False

In order for a state of fluid balance to be achieved, obligatory water loss must equal facultative water loss. True False

Which type of intake accounts for most of our daily fluid intake? Metabolic water Preformed water

Aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis reactions result in: metabolic water intake. preformed water intake. insensible water output. preformed water output. obligatory water output.

Water lost through feces is considered ___________ water loss. sensible, obligatory sensible, facultative insensible, obligatory insensible, facultative

Facultative water loss is loss that: occurs regardless of the state of hydration of the body. is controlled by hormone effects on the kidney. occurs through sweating and breathing.

Insensible water loss is an example of facultative water loss. True False

Renal failure would likely lead to: volume depletion. hypotonicity. volume excess. hypertonic ascites

In dehydration, blood plasma becomes hypotonic relative to the body's cells. True False

Extreme hypotonic hydration can cause brain cells to swell. True False

Decreases in blood pressure turn _____ the thirst center of the brain. on off

The thirst center of the brain is located in the: hippocampus. hypothalamus. occipital lobe. pons.

When compared with the effects of blood pressure and osmolarity on fluid intake, the effects of saliva and stomach distention are: more immediate and more accurate. more immediate but less accurate. more long-term and more accurate. more long-term but less accurate.

Angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH each help decrease urine output. True False

The hormone ANP: increases urine output and increases blood volume. increases urine output and decreases blood volume. decreases urine output and decreases blood volume. decreases urine output and increases blood volume.

Most nonelectrolytes are covalently bonded organic molecules. True False

The molecule HCl is an example of a(n): electrolyte. nonelectrolyte. base.

When NaCl is added to body fluids it results in the addition of: one solute particle per NaCl molecule and exerts an osmotic pressure equivalent to that of a nonelectrolyte. two solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts twice the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules. three solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts one-third the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules. one solute particle per NaCl molecule, but because it is uncharged it does not result in osmotic pressure.

The most abundant cation within cells is: sodium. potassium. calcium. chloride. magnesium.

The most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid is: negatively charged proteins. phosphate. chloride. hydrogen. acetic acid.

Which ion is the principal solute of the ECF and is crucial for neuromuscular and renal function? Magnesium Phosphate Calcium Sodium Potassium

How are sodium levels and blood pressure related? Increased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, decrease blood volume, and increase blood pressure. Decreased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, increase blood volume, and decrease blood pressure. Increased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure. Decreased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, increase blood volume, and increase blood pressure.

How does the hormone aldosterone influence potassium levels? It increases potassium secretion by the kidneys and increases potassium blood concentration. It increases potassium secretion by the kidneys and decreases potassium blood concentration. It increases potassium reabsorption by the kidneys and decreases potassium blood concentration. It increases potassium reabsorption by the kidneys and increases potassium blood concentration.

Renin is released from the JG apparatus in response to: high blood pressure or increased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule. high blood pressure or decreased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule. low blood pressure or increased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule. low blood pressure or decreased NaCl in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

Angiotensin II triggers: vasoconstriction and increased urine output from the kidneys. vasoconstriction and decreased urine output from the kidneys. vasodilation and increased urine output from the kidneys. vasodilation and decreased urine output from the kidneys.

Angiotensin II causes a(n): stimulation of the thirst center and increased release of ADH. stimulation of the thirst center and decreased release of ADH. inhibition of the thirst center and increased release of ADH. inhibition of the thirst center and decreased release of ADH.

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. True False

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the _________ and released from the _________. anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary anterior pituitary, hypothalamus hypothalamus, posterior pituitary hypothalamus, anterior pituitary

The stimuli that trigger the release of ADH are: high blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity. high blood pressure, low blood volume, and low blood osmolarity. low blood pressure, low blood volume, and high blood osmolarity. low blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity. low blood pressure, low blood volume, and low blood osmolarity.

Decreased stretch of baroreceptors within the aorta and carotid arteries results in stimulation of the hypothalamus; this stimulation increases ADH secretion. True False

High levels of ADH cause: vasoconstriction and therefore increases in blood pressure. vasoconstriction and therefore decreases in blood pressure. vasodilation and therefore increases in blood pressure. vasodilation and therefore decreases in blood pressure.

In the brain ADH _______ the thirst center, and in the kidneys ADH causes an increase in water __________. stimulates, secretion stimulates, reabsorption inhibits, secretion inhibits, reabsorption

The adrenal gland releases aldosterone in response to: ANP and increased blood plasma sodium levels. ANP and decreased blood plasma sodium levels. angiotensin II and increased blood plasma sodium levels. angiotensin II and decreased blood plasma sodium levels

The release of aldosterone is triggered by a decrease in blood plasma potassium levels. True False

Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to: reabsorb more sodium, water, and potassium. reabsorb more sodium and water, and secrete more potassium. reabsorb more sodium, and secret more water and potassium. secrete more sodium, water, and potassium. secrete more sodium and reabsorb more potassium.

The stimulus that directly triggers release of ANP is: decreased pressure detected by baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries. increased stretch of the heart atria. increased saltiness in the cerebrospinal fluid bathing the hypothalamus of the brain. increased saltiness of tubular fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule.

The hormone ANP causes systemic blood vessels to: constrict, which raises blood pressure. constrict, which lowers blood pressure. dilate, which raises blood pressure. dilate, which lowers blood pressure.

Atrial natriuretic peptide causes __________ of afferent arterioles and _________ of mesangial cells. constriction, contraction constriction, relaxation dilation, contraction dilation, relaxation

ANP causes an increase in the loss of sodium and water through urine. True False

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits the release of aldosterone, ADH, and renin. True False

When blood starts to become too acidic, the kidneys respond by: synthesizing and secreting bicarbonate ions while reabsorbing H+. synthesizing and reabsorbing H+ while filtering bicarbonate ions. synthesizing and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions while secreting H+. decreasing filtration rate and increasing reabsorption of both bicarbonate ions and H+. increasing filtration rate and increasing reabsorption of H+.

The process by which the kidneys eliminate excess acid or base is relatively: quick (takes minutes) and powerful. quick (takes minutes) but limited (is not very powerful). slow (takes hours to days) but powerful. slow (takes hours to days) and limited (is not very powerful).

If someone begins to hyperventilate due to anxiety, the CO2 concentration in their blood decreases; this causes __________ in blood pH. an increase a decrease no change

If an individual's respiratory rate decreases, then blood CO2 levels: rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH rises. rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH falls. rise, blood H+ levels fall, and blood pH falls. fall, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH rises. fall, blood H+ levels fall, and blood pH falls.

Collectively, the renal and respiratory systems comprise the chemical buffering system of the body. True False

The bicarbonate buffering system is the most important buffering system in the extracellular fluid. True False

If a physiological condition resulted in blood pH reaching 7.2, but then physiological buffering systems brought the pH to 7.4, that increase in pH would be called: acidosis. alkalosis. compensation. imbalance. partial noncompensation.

The most common type of acid-base imbalance is: metabolic acidosis. metabolic alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. respiratory alkalosis.

Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis. True False