Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balance

In which compartment of the body is the majority of water stored? a.) plasma b.) intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment c.) extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment d.) interstitial fluid (IF)

If the osmotic pressure of the blood were increased above normal levels, which of the following volumes would also increase? a.) interstitial fluid volume b.) blood volume c.) total body water d.) intracellular fluid volume

What is the most abundant intracellular cation? a.) K+ b.) Na+ c.) HPO42- d.) Cl-

Which of the following statements about fluid movement is NOT correct? a.) Exchanges between plasma and interstitial fluid happen between capillary walls. b.) Under normal circumstances, lymph vessels help maintain fluid balance, especially between the plasma and the interstitial fluid. c.) Exchange between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid occurs across the plasma membrane. d.) Exchange between the plasma and the intracellular fluid occurs across the cell membrane.

What compound in body fluids adds to the fluids' electrical conductivity? a.) lipids b.) glucose c.) urea d.) sodium

Mrs. M has suffered for many years from ulcerative colitis, a disease in which ulcers and scar tissue form in the lining of the intestine, usually affecting the ileum and/or colon. About a half-hour after eating a large meal, she became acutely ill with a distended abdomen and low blood pressure and finally collapsed. She was brought into the emergency room and diagnosed with a bowel obstruction caused by scar tissue blocking her large intestine. The ER doctor said this obstruction caused a decrease in her blood volume. How could an obstructed bowel make blood volume decrease? This is a matter of osmosis. Normally, when a person eats food, the amount of solutes inside the bowel increases. Q- When Mrs. M ate, her intestinal contents became __________ to her blood. Her blood became __________ to her intestinal contents. a.) isoosmotic pressure, hyperosmotic pressure b.) hyperosmotic pressure, hypoosmotic pressure c.) hypoosmotic pressure, hyperosmotic pressure d.) hyperosmotic pressure, isoosmotic pressure e.) isoosmotic pressure, hypoosmotic pressure

After treatment with intravenous fluids, Mrs. M. is feeling better and is able to talk with her doctor. She tells you she has finally agreed to have a colostomy − an operation in which part of her large intestine is removed, leaving an opening on her abdomen (a stoma) where the intestinal contents are emptied into a colostomy bag. She refused this operation for years because her aunt had an ileostomy and struggled with fluid balance and managing her ileostomy bag. In Mrs. M's aunt's ileostomy, all of the large intestine was removed. In Mrs. M's colostomy, only part of the large intestine will be removed. How will water balance be different in patients with an ileostomy versus a colostomy? Choose the best answer. a.) Patients with an ileostomy will have more problems with water balance because they have less intestinal surface to absorb solutes into the blood. b.) They will have the same kind of problems with water balance because both have had part of their intestines removed. c.) Patients with a colostomy will have more problems with water balance because they have more intestinal surface to absorb solutes into the blood.

What would be an appropriate concentration of intravenous (IV) saline to give a patient suffering from severe water intoxication? a.) 0.01% b.) 0.90% c.) 3.00% d.) 0.45%

Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in water and electrolyte balance? a.) thyroxine b.) atrial natriuretic peptide c.) aldosterone d.) ADH

What is the driving force for water intake? a.) aldosterone b.) ADH c.) thirst d.) glucose concentration

In a typical day, what amount of water is taken by mouth? a.) 250 milliliters b.) 750 milliliters c.) 1500 milliliters d.) 2250 milliliters

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding water intake and output by the body? a.) An increase in fluid taken by mouth would reduce the amount produced by metabolism. b.) The proportion of fluid lost by the body as sweat would increase during exercise. c.) An increase in the amount of beverages taken by mouth would increase the urine output. d.) An irritation to the colon that leads to diarrhea would increase the proportion of water lost through feces.

Where are signs of change in osmolality, stomach stretch, and thirst monitored? a.) in the kidneys b.) in the hypothalamus c.) in the adrenal glands d.) in the stomach and intestines

What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments? a.) inflammation b.) hypotonic hydration c.) edema d.) dehydration

Which of the following would NOT be expected to occur as a result of dehydration? a.) reduced urine flow b.) edema c.) hypovolemic shock d.) shrinkage of body cells

The role of ADH is to __________. a) decrease water reabsorption b.) increase water reabsorption c.) produce dilute urine d.) lower blood pressure

Which of the following would NOT be expected to lead to edema? a.) hyponatremia b.) inflammation c.) hypoproteinemia d.) incompetent venous valves

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for dehydration? a.) increased muscle mass b.) inefficient kidneys c.) a high rate of insensible water loss d.) vomiting

Which of the following is not an electrolyte? a.) salt b.) acid c.) base d.) carbohydrate

Which of the following is true of electrolytes? a.) They do not dissolve in water. b.) They are ionic compounds. c.) They are produced from water. d.) They are held together by covalent bonds.

The adrenal glands of a patient with primary aldosteronism produce too much aldosterone, causing a loss of potassium and subsequent hypokalemia. What electrolyte is retained by the kidneys when potassium is lost? a.) magnesium b.) sodium c.) bicarbonate d.) chloride

How does severe hyperkalemia negatively affect the heart? a.) reduces depolarization events b.) increases SA node firing c.) promotes tachycardia d.) increases cardiac output

A friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain? a.) milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10 b.) cola, with a pH of 3 c.) black coffee, with a pH of 5 d.) pure water, with a pH of 7

If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed? a.) More water will move to the muscles to buffer the acid. b.) Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change. c.) Weak acids in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change. d.) More water will move to the muscles to move out the acid.

Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest? a.) chemical buffer system b.) renal system c.) respiratory system

The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution? a.) The hydrogen ion would attach to carbonic acid. b.) A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate. c.) The hydrogen ion would attach to bicarbonate (HCO3) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).

The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis? a.) Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate, which then buffers the acid. b.) Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled. c.) Carbonic acid converts a strong acid to a weak acid, thus decreasing acidity. d.) Carbonic acid is converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following? a.) The kidney would increase excretion of both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. b.) The kidney will reabsorb both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. When it reabsorbs the hydrogen ion, it also generates more bicarbonate ions. c.) The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.

Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances? a.) metabolic alkalosis b.) metabolic acidosis c.) respiratory acidosis d.) respiratory alkalosis

Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance? a.) respiratory acidosis b.) respiratory alkalosis c.) metabolic alkalosis d.) metabolic acidosis

Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation? a.) respiratory acidosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3 b.) respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would retain HCO3 c.) metabolic alkalosis; hypoventilation by the lungs d.) respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3

Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be. a.) metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation b.) respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation c.) respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation d.) metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance? a.) metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation b.) metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation c.) respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation d.) respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance? a.) respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation b.) respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation c.) metabolic alkalosis with no compensation d.) metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance? a.) respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation b.) metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation c.) metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation d.) metabolic acidosis with no compensation

Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation? a.) respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation b.) metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation c.) respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation d.) metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation

Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation? a.) respiratory alkalosis; kidneys will retain more H+ and excrete HCO3 b.) respiratory acidosis; hyperventilation c.) respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+ d.) metabolic acidosis; hypoventilation by the lungs

What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release? a.) decreased sodium ion concentration in the extracellular fluids (ECF) b.) decreased K+ concentration in the extracellular fluids (ECF) c.) increased osmolality of the extracellular fluids (ECF) d.) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

Which of the following does NOT impact how much sodium is reabsorbed? a.) atrial natriuretic peptide b.) aldosterone c.) estrogen d.) transport maximum of the renal proximal tubule

A patient is discovered to have a strange craving for iron objects. To try to determine the cause, her physician decides to order tests to determine if this patient might have some type of ______. a.) hypothyroidism b.) diabetes c.) acidosis d.) anemia

Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in hypokalemia, which causes hyperpolarization of neurons; this in turn results in ______. a.) increased speed of sodium-potassium pump activity in order to compensate for the reduced concentration of potassium ions b.) decreased plasma membrane permeability to potassium ions c.) the need for a stronger than normal stimulus in order to trigger an action potential d.) a craving for more salt in the diet

The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________. a.) maintaining CO2 balance b.) maintaining HCO3- balance c.) maintaining water balance d.) maintaining phosphate balance

This chemical equation shows the reaction of a strong acid and weak base in the bicarbonate buffer system. Provide the products of the following reaction. HCl + NaHCO3 → a.) H2CO3 + NaCl b.) NaH2PO4 + NaCl c.) NaOH + NaH2PO4 d.) NaHCO3 + H2O

Which of the following does NOT serve as a source of acids in the body? a.) aerobic breakdown of glucose b.) CO2 in the blood c.) fat metabolism d.) ingesting of bicarbonate

In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer? a.) a weak base b.) water c.) a weak acid d.) salt

An increase in blood CO2 levels leads to __________. a.) an increase in blood pH b.) a decreased respiratory rate c.) a drop in blood pH d.) a decrease in carbonic acid

Which of the following blood workups would most likely demonstrate metabolic acidosis? a.) pH: 7.33; PCO2: 50 mmHg; HCO3-: 30 mEq/L b.) pH: 7.55; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3-: 20 mEq/L c.) pH: 7.50; PCO2: 50 mmHg; HCO3-: 30 mEq/L d.) pH: 7.33; PCO2: 30 mmHg; HCO3-: 20 mEq/L

Which acid-base imbalance would be caused by overaccumulation of CO2 in the blood? a.) respiratory acidosis b.) metabolic alkalosis c.) respiratory alkalosis d.) metabolic acidosis

What is the effect of hypoventilation on pH? a.) respiratory acidosis b.) metabolic acidosis c.) respiratory alkalosis d.) metabolic alkalosis

What is the normal range for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood? a.) 55 - 65 mm Hg b.) 15 - 25 mmHg c.) 35 - 45 mm Hg d.) 7.35 - 7.45 mm Hg

Hyperventilation can result in _______. a.) too little carbon dioxide in the blood b.) too much oxygen in the blood c.) too much carbon dioxide in the blood d.) respiratory acidosis

Why was the breath held after the second hyperventilation? a.) to retain oxygen b.) to absorb water c.) to retain carbon dioxide d.) to absorb H+

Respiratory acidosis can be a result of _______. a.) a panic attack b.) hyperventilation c.) hyperventilation and a panic attack d.) asthma and hyperventilation e.) asthma

Which of the following occurred during rebreathing? a.) hyperventilation, carbon dioxide increased and pH increased b.) hyperventilation c.) carbon dioxide increased d.) pH increased

Respiratory acidosis can be compensated for by _______. a.) hypoventilation and rebreathing b.) hypoventilation c.) hyperventilation d.) rebreathing e.) the kidneys

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and blood pH are _______. a.) directly proportional to the amount of oxygen b.) directly proportional to each other c.) independent of each other d.) inversely proportional to each other

The kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis by _______. a.) conserving bicarbonate ion and excreting H+ b.) conserving H+ and excreting bicarbonate ion c.) conserving H+ and bicarbonate ion d.) excreting H+ and bicarbonate ion

In uncompensated respiratory acidosis, the _______. a.) carbon dioxide levels of the blood are elevated b.) pH of the blood is high c.) carbon dioxide levels of the blood are low d.) carbon dioxide level of the blood is normal

When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide was decreased, what changes occurred in the urine? a.) H+ and bicarbonate ion both increased in the urine. b.) H+ in the urine decreased and bicarbonate ion increased in the urine. c.) H+ in the urine increased and bicarbonate ion decreased in the urine. d.) H+ and bicarbonate ion both decreased in the urine.

At which partial pressure of carbon dioxide did respiratory acidosis occur? a.) 60 mm Hg b.) 40 mm Hg c.) 30 mm Hg d.) 30 mm Hg, 40 mm Hg and 60 mm Hg

Compensation of metabolic alkalosis includes which of the following? a.) excreting bicarbonate ion in the renal system and retaining carbon dioxide through the respiratory system b.) conserving bicarbonate ion in the renal system and retaining carbon dioxide through the respiratory system c.) conserving bicarbonate ion in the renal system d.) excreting bicarbonate ion in the renal system e.) retaining carbon dioxide through the respiratory system

Metabolic acidosis results in _______. a.) hypoventilation and rebreathing b.) rebreathing c.) hyperventilation d.) hypoventilation