Ch. 26 - Fluid, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balance

Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environment are called ________. metabolic volatile compensatory amphoteric

The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is ________. osmotic pressure of plasma proteins hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid intracellular hydrostatic pressure

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? sodium ions hydrogen ions potassium ions calcium ions

Falling arterial blood pressure promotes ________. vasoconstriction enhanced water loss in urine enhanced sodium ion loss in urine vasodilation

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. cerebrospinal fluid plasma interstitial fluid intracellular fluid

For bulk flow across capillary walls, ________. osmotic pressure in the interstitial space returns fluid to the capillary hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space osmotic pressure of plasma proteins pulls fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space fluid runs into lymphatic capillaries that empty into the interstitial space

The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they only partially dissociate.

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body. Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.

Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. control of the acids produced in the stomach the control of respiratory ventilation the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions a runner has completed a very long marathon a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids

Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF) leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis.

When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.

Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.

One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis

Which of the following does NOT depend on the presence of electrolytes? neuromuscular excitability membrane polarity maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and extracellular fluid amount of body fat

Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells, a unique population of collecting duct cells.

An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated? hypoventilation increased renin secretion increased respiratory rate and depth enhanced sodium ion loss in urine

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent? respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low.

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. becoming overly agitated a rise in plasma osmolality a dry mouth from high temperatures drinking caffeinated beverages

Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

After completing a marathon on a particularly warm day, Dave consumes four liters of water. Soon after, he begins to feel nauseous and starts vomiting. What is likely happening to Dave? hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration hypoproteinemia; unusually low levels of plasma proteins obligatory water loss dehydration

In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance? kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide kidneys retain bicarbonate ions kidneys retain hydrogen ions kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions

The movement of water between body fluid compartments ________. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces always involves filtration requires active transport requires ATP for the transport to take place

Total body water is NOT a function of which of the following? amount of body fat amount of water ingested body mass age

Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention prevent pH changes caused by organic acids activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism enhance atrial contractions

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

The regulation of sodium ________. involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys is linked to blood pressure involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus

Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration and urine only.

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. chloride potassium iron bicarbonate

Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis respiratory alkalosis

The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? antidiuretic hormone (ADH) thyroxine atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) aldosterone

Which of the following is NOT a disorder of water balance? excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure excessive hydration due to excess atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion

Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

Which of the following hormones functions to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the principal cell apical membranes? antidiuretic hormone progesterone atrial natriuretic peptide aldosterone

If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy? anion levels sodium ion levels potassium ion levels calcium ion levels

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin? sympathetic stimulation decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles decreased filtrate NaCl concentration increased extracellular fluid water levels

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

Insufficient parathyroid hormone production in the body could result in ________. muscle twitching increased ECF osmolality kidney stones muscle weakness

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low ________. aquaporins are inserted into the principal cell apical membranes nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. phosphate hemoglobin protein bicarbonate

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood. There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale. She will experience hypotension. There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells intracellular sodium levels potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid the pH of the intracellular fluid

Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body? membrane permeability neuromuscular activity anabolism of lipids secretory activity

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? nucleic acid phosphate bicarbonate protein

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? glucocorticoids ADH aldosterone water levels

Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? respiratory changes renal mechanisms chemical buffers diet

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion

The regulation of potassium balance ________. is not linked to sodium balance is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium includes renal secretion, but never absorption

Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules? estrogen progesterone follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone

Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? aldosterone antidiuretic hormone erythropoietin renin

The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.