A&P Ch. 26- Pearson

Total body water is NOT a function of which of the following? A. amount of body fat B. age C. body mass D. amount of water ingested

The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is ________. A. hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid B. hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood C. osmotic pressure of plasma proteins D. intracellular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following hormones functions to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the principal cell apical membranes? A. aldosterone B. atrial natriuretic peptide C. antidiuretic hormone D. progesterone

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? A. potassium ions B. hydrogen ions C. calcium ions D. sodium ions

Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A. respiratory changes B. renal mechanisms C. chemical buffers D. diet

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A. metabolic acidosis B. respiratory acidosis C. respiratory alkalosis D. metabolic alkalosis

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. A. potassium B. iron C. bicarbonate D. chloride

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. A. the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion B. the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor C. a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water D. a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic alkalosis D. metabolic acidosis

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? A. glucocorticoids B. aldosterone C. water levels D. ADH

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? A. There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. B. Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. C. Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. D. Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low ________. A. nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed B. aquaporins are inserted into the principal cell apical membranes C. most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed D. a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. A. intracellular fluid B. plasma C. interstitial fluid D. cerebrospinal fluid

Insufficient parathyroid hormone production in the body could result in ________. A. kidney stones B. muscle twitching C. muscle weakness D. cardiac arrhythmia

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. A. the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach B. the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells C. control of the acids produced in the stomach D. the control of respiratory ventilation

For bulk flow across capillary walls, ________. A. fluid runs into lymphatic capillaries that empty into the interstitial space B. hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial space returns fluid to the capillary C. hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space D. osmotic pressure of plasma proteins pulls fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A. aldosterone B. antidiuretic hormone C. renin D. erythropoietin

Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack.

Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids.

Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose.

Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus.

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? A. thyroxine B. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) C. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D. aldosterone

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis

Which of the following is NOT a disorder of water balance? A. excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins B. edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure C. hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high D. excessive hydration due to excess atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion

Falling arterial blood pressure promotes ________. A. enhanced water loss in urine B. enhanced sodium ion loss in urine C. vasodilation D. vasoconstriction

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. A. the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions B. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids C. a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction D. a runner has completed a very long marathon

The regulation of sodium ________. A. is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus B. involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration C. involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys D. is linked to blood pressure

Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent? A. respiratory alkalosis B. metabolic alkalosis C. respiratory acidosis D.metabolic acidosis

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin? A. decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles B. increased extracellular fluid water levels C. sympathetic stimulation D. decreased filtrate NaCl concentration

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. A. potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid B. the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells C. intracellular sodium levels D. the pH of the intracellular fluid

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? A. She will experience hypotension. B. It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood. C. There will be a temporary increase in blood volume. D. There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. A. enhance atrial contractions B. reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention C. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism D. prevent pH changes caused by organic acids

Which of the following does NOT depend on the presence of electrolytes? A. maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and extracellular fluid B. neuromuscular excitability C. amount of body fat D. membrane polarity

An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.

Fluid loss, either the loss of water or the loss of water and solutes together.

A disorder entailing deficient aldosterone production by the adrenal cortex.

Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.

A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.

Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environment are called ________. A. volatile B. metabolic C. compensatory D. amphoteric

An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated? A. increased respiratory rate and depth B. hypoventilation C. enhanced sodium ion loss in urine D. increased renin secretion

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. A. phosphate B. protein C. bicarbonate D. hemoglobin

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. A. a rise in plasma osmolality B. becoming overly agitated C. a dry mouth from high temperatures D. drinking caffeinated beverages

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A. K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids B. little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids C. equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids D. Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids

If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy? A. anion levels B. calcium ion levels C. sodium ion levels D. potassium ion levels

Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules? A. progesterone B. luteinizing hormone C. estrogen D. follicle-stimulating hormone

In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance? A. kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide B. kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions C. kidneys retain bicarbonate ions D. kidneys retain hydrogen ions

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. A. requires active transport B. always involves filtration C. requires ATP for the transport to take place D. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

After completing a marathon on a particularly warm day, Dave consumes four liters of water. Soon after, he begins to feel nauseous and starts vomiting. What is likely happening to Dave? A. obligatory water loss B. dehydration C. hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration D. hypoproteinemia; unusually low levels of plasma proteins

Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body? A. membrane permeability B. secretory activity C. neuromuscular activity D. anabolism of lipids

The regulation of potassium balance ________. A. is not linked to sodium balance B. involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium C. is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms D. includes renal secretion, but never absorption

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A. nucleic acid B. bicarbonate C. protein D. phosphate