Chapter 17

Which is true about hematocrit? A. Hematocrit is the percentage of leukocytes and platelets in a whole blood sample. B. Hematocrit is the percentage of plasma in a whole blood sample. C. Hematocrit is the percentage of all formed elements in a whole blood sample. D. Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample.

In a centrifuged sample of blood, what should NOT be in the plasma portion of the sample? A. Fibrinogen B. Electrolytes C. Platelets D. Albumin

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? A. hormone production B. protection C. regulation D. distribution

Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to clotting? A. beta globulins B. alpha globulins C. albumin D. fibrinogen

Which of the following is true of the structure of an erythrocyte? A. Erythrocytes are nucleated cells B. Erythrocytes are cell fragments C. Erythrocytes can bend and twist to fit through vessels D. Erythrocytes are larger than other cells in the blood.

What is the name of the protein found in erythrocytes that transports respiratory gases? A. albumin B. fibrinogen C. antibodies D. hemoglobin

What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production to make new red blood cells? A. excess oxygen in the bloodstream B. a high hematocrit C. reduced availability of oxygen D. too many platelets

What is a young, anucleate erythrocyte called?

What part of the body does erythropoietin (EPO) target to increase erythropoiesis?

What part of the hemoglobin molecule is eventually metabolized to stercobilin in the feces? A. transferrin B. iron C. a portion of the heme group D. globin

When a person has an acute bacterial infection, such as bacterial meningitis or appendicitis, which type of leukocyte increases in number?

Which type of leukocyte is responsible for antibody production?

Which formed element can be described as a membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic fragment? A. erythrocyte B. platelets C. monocytes D. lymphocytes

Which of the following is correctly matched? A. hemolytic anemia: results from inadequate iron intake B. hemorrhagic anemia: red blood cells rupture C. pernicious anemia: results from a vitamin B12 deficiency D. aplastic anemia: results from excessive blood loss

Abnormally low levels of erythrocytes caused by excessive bleeding is called _____.

Which of the following would NOT lead to a bleeding disorder? A. vitamin K deficiency B. thrombocytopenia C. excess calcium in the diet D. impaired liver function

Digesting a clot after it is formed required activation of what plasma protein by tPA?

A person who lacks agglutinogen A but has agglutinogen B would have blood type ______.

Choose the incompatible transfusion. A. Donate type A blood to a recipient with type AB blood. B. Donate type B blood to a recipient with type AB blood. C. Donate type B blood to a recipient with type O blood D. Donate type O blood to a recipient with type AB blood.

Which ABO blood type is considered to be the universal recipient?

-ogen means

Bulk of a clot

High volume of blood

A lot of blood loss

Buffering ability, helps regulate osmotic pressure, helps regulate pH, and acts as a protein reservoir.

Innactive form of the protein fibrin

Defense proteins

4 principle electrolytes

Buffer of blood

Picks up or drops off hydrogen ions in a solution

Power of hydrogen

Na+, K+, and Cl- are part of ____________

An aqueous solution critical for most life functions. It provides a water-based medium for chemical reactions and acts as a transport medium for dissolved substances.

An average human has about ____ liters of blood which is constantly filtered and recycled.

Two components of blood

Plasma is ______% of blood

LDL

HDL (want more of this in bloodstream than LDL)

These bind and carry cholesterol

Most prescribed drug for cholesterol (Zocor, Crestor, Lipitor, Parachol)

Carbohydrates=

This can cause hyper or hypoglycemia

This can be broken down to glucose

These may be elevated in kidney disease

Hyperlipidemia concurrent with atherosclerosis

High lipids in blood

Build up of fatty plaque in arteries

Helps with blood cell formation

2 organic molecules:

Organic molecules of vitamins

3 organic molecules of hormones

Organic molecules of wastes

Stress hormone (tells body to start storing fat)

Thyroid hormone

The cellular component of the blood can be broken down into three main structural/functional categories:

Erythrocytes-

Leukocytes-

Thrombocytes-

All blood cells are formed in the red marrow from precursor cells called ____________. They can also become any type of cell.

Immune cell development and new blood cell formation

These cells are anuclear (no nucleus), which is the reason why the cell is dipped.

Normal value of erythrocytes in males:

Normal value of erythrocytes in females:

____________ is regulated by oxygen levels in the blood and the hormone erythropoietin

This is produced by the liver and kidneys in a negative feedback mechanism. Stimulates RBC formation in the red marrow.

These are anuclear primarily composed of cytoplasm and some secretory vesicles. Packed with hemoglobin.

Abnormally high RBC production in the blood-- blood is thicker, sticky and prone to clotting. Occurs mostly in males >45 years old or in cases of Blood Doping.

Ribosome synthesis=

Immature red blood cell (after iron accumulation there is a mature blood cell)

RBCs look red because of _______

Stem cell Committed cell Ribosome synthesis (Phase 1) Hemoglobin accumulation (Phase 2) Ejection of nucleus (Phase 3)

Hemoglobin is composed of 2 major protein units:

Heme binds to _______ molecules.

Globin can bind with other molecules including ____________.

The only amino acid which contains sulfur

Unraveled protein =

Transport protein

Hemoglobin recycling takes place in the ___________

The lifespan of red blood cells is

Hemoglobin binds to O2 to form ___________

CO2 can also be transported by binding to the globin protein and forming __________. About 10% of CO2 is carried this way.

This can bind 200 times more efficiently to heme than O2 forming carboxyhemoglobin. Cherry pink complexion is caused by this.

Anemias can result from:

This is not a disease---- it is a clinical sign of an underlying pathology.

Most common anemia in the U.S. and is easily correctible

Low RBC= low hemoglobin=

A genetic mutation in any of the proteins which make up hemoglobin.

Normal hemoglobin values are _______ in females, ______ in males. Anything out of range indicates and anemia or hemoglobinopathy.

2 types of anemias or hemoglobinopathies:

There are several blood groupings which are the result of _________.

The blood group genes are ___, ____, ___, and _________.

Blood groups are determined by __________ found on the RBC surface.

Each blood group gene produces a _______________.

Antibodies will bind to RBC causing clumping or ______________.

If you have the gene for A, your RBCs have the ___ protein on the cell surface. If you have the B gene, you have the ___ protein on the cell surface. If you have O, this codes for ____ protein on the cell surface. Blood group inheritance follows a Co-Dominant Inheritance Pattern- no recessive alleles.

Blood type is determined at birth. Antibodies are formed against the protein missing. For example, if your blood type is A, then you have antibodies against ____ proteins. This is critical for blood donation and transfusions.

Blood type: A Blood Ag:____ Antibody:____

Blood type: B Blood Ag: ___ Antibody:____

Blood type: AB Blood Ag:____ Antibody:___

Blood type: O Blood Ag: ___ Antibody:___

Type ____ blood is the most common type (about 45%) while ____ is the least common.

This is an antigen first discovered in Rhesus Monkeys.

If the Rhesus Factor is present, you are ______

If the Rhesus Factor is absent you are________

Rhesus Factor is coded for by _______

Presence of Rh is D, while absence is d. Therefore, Rh factor is a ___________.