Chapter 6: Medicine - Blood

D The major functions of the blood include transport, defense, and regulation. The heart does the pumping.

D Formed elements and plasma are the two major components of the blood.

D Albumins are the most abundant plasma proteins and contribute by establishing the osmotic pressure of the plasma.

A Fibrinogens are plasma proteins that when activated aid in the proper clotting of blood.

C Gamma globulins serve as antibodies and will protect someone exposed to hepatitis.

E Red blood cells are part of the formed elements, not the plasma.

C Platelets are cell fragments of whole cells called megakaryocytes.

D RBCs are better known as erythrocytes and WBCs are better known as leukocytes.

D Multipotent stem cells give rise to all the formed elements of the blood.

T Water makes up 91% of plasma.

T Blood is involved in regulation of many important functions, including body temperature, osmotic pressure, and acid-base balance.

B Hemoglobin is a pigment that makes red blood cells and blood red.

B Mature human red blood cells are biconcave discs without a nucleus.

E There are four globin chains in hemoglobin.

E Each hemoglobin molecule can transport 4 molecules of oxygen and each red blood cell contains about 280 million hemoglobin molecules.

D The heme contains the iron that accepts oxygen. Carbon dioxide binds to the globin chain

D About 7% of the carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma

C Hemoglobin that carries carbon dioxide is called carbaminohemoglobin

A This is referred to as jaundice, caused by the failure of the liver to excrete heme.

C The hormone erythropoietin produced in the kidneys stimulates production of red blood cells

D Red blood cells only live about 120 days, so the poisoning would have had to occur within the last 120 days.

D Anemia can be caused by an iron deficiency.

T Red blood cells do not have a nucleus so they cannot undergo mitosis.

C The production of leukocytes is regulated by colony-stimulating factor.

A All of the formed elements in the blood originally came from the same type stem cell.

B Lymphocytes and monocytes are agranular leukocytes.

C Eosinophils and basophils are elevated in those with allergies.

D Monocytes are large blood cells that differentiate into macrophages.

A B lymphocytes are associated with antibody production.

F Some white blood cells may only live for a few days but others can live for months or even years.

B Cytotoxic T cells have the ability to physically destroy pathogens.

D SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency disease, results from the lack of adenosine deaminase.

A Leukemia is the uncontrolled growth of white blood cells. Infectious mononucleosis is when the lymphocytes are mononuclear. Thrombocytopenia is an insufficient number of platelets. Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder. A thromboembolism is when a blood clot prevents blood from reaching certain tissues.

C Mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which does not involve uncontrollable white blood cell proliferation.

1. Neutrophils: phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris. 2. Eosinophils: use granular contents to digest large pathogens, such as worms and reduce inflammation. 3. Basophils: promote blood flow to injured tissues and the inflammatory response. 4. Lymphocytes: responsible for specific immunity. B cells produce antibodies, T cells destroy cancer and virus-infected cells. 5. Monocytes: become macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris.

A Nosebleeds and gastrointestinal bleeding due to increased breakdown of platelets outside the marrow is a condition called thrombocytopenia.

F Blood clotting requires at least 12 clotting factors along with calcium ions (Ca2+) to ensure that plasma and the formed elements remain in the blood vessels.

F Blood clotting requires 12 clotting factors and calcium ions (Ca2+) to ensure that plasma and the formed elements remain in the blood vessels.

C After blood clots, the yellowish fluid that escapes from the clot is called serum.

When a blood vessel is punctured 1. Platelets will congregate and form a plug. 2. Platelets and damaged tissue release prothrombin activator which initiates a cascade of enzymatic reactions. 3. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin. 4. Thrombin severs two amino acid chains from fibrinogen. 5. The activated fragments form the fibrin thread. 6. Fibrin winds around the platelet plug providing a framework for the clot. 7. Blood vessel repair starts, plasmin destroys the fibrin network so new cells can grow.

A If blood clotting doesn't occur correctly the formed elements and plasma would not remain in the blood. The concentration of red blood cells would decrease due to the loss of cells. The Ca2+ concentration in the blood would decrease. The blood pressure of the individuals would decrease due to the loss of blood. Fluid would not accumulate in the body.

1. Transport: blood acquires oxygen in the lungs and distributes it to the tissue cells. It picks up carbon dioxide from the cells and transports it to the lungs. It picks up nutrients from the digestive system and distributes them to the cells. 2. Defense: various blood cell types are capable of defending the body by attacking and destroying invading pathogens. 3. Regulation: blood helps regulate body temperature by picking up heat and transporting it around the body. Plasma contains formed elements that create an osmotic pressure which keeps the liquid content of the blood high.

E Vitamin K is necessary for fibrinogen and prothrombin formation.

D The fragmentation of very large megakaryocytes results in the production of platelets.

A The final reaction in blood clotting is fibrinogen --> fibrin.

A Coagulation keeps the blood within the vessels so that we do not bleed to death

T Hemophilia, which results in a deficiency in a clotting factor, is inherited and is therefore a genetic disorder.

E Agglutination refers to the clumping of red blood cells.

A There is a danger of hemolytic disease of the newborn when the mother is Rh negative, the father is Rh positive, and the baby is Rh positive. Therefore, Jena must be Rh negative. The blood type of the mother has nothing to due with the risk of hemolytic disease. Anemia and hemolytic disease are not related at all.

D Robby will possess both B antigens and Rh antigens on his red blood cells, and antibodies against A.

A Blood type O is the universal donor because it has no antibodies against A or B. The Rh factor doesn't have anything to do with being a universal donor.

A Jeremy cannot receive A positive or negative, B positive or negative, or AB positive or negative blood because he has antibodies against both A and B antigens.

E A person with O negative blood has no antigens on their red blood cells.

T The antibodies against blood antigens develop whether or not a person ever has a transfusion

A Hemolytic disease of the newborn is only a possibility when mom is Rh negative and dad is Rh positive making the fetus Rh positive. The blood type of the parents does not play a role in hemolytic disease.

T The purpose of a RhoGAM shot is to prevent the formation of anti-Rh antibodies. If they are already formed, the shot will not help.

F There are other blood group incompatibilities possible, so before blood can be safely transfused it is necessary to physically combine donor blood with recipient blood on a glass slide and check for agglutination.

E Blood type A positive has A antigens, Rh antigens, and anti-B antibodies. Blood type AB negative has A antigens, B antigens, and anti-Rh antibodies. The only thing they have in common is A antigens.

E Type O negative blood has no antigens and anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies. Type AB positive blood has A, B, and Rh antigens, and no antibodies. They have nothing in common.

B Muscle contraction keeps blood moving through the heart and in the blood vessels, particularly the veins.

E All tissues dump wastes into the blood, so all body systems are intimately involved with the blood.

T The lymphatic system helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess tissue fluid and returning it to the blood.

C The nervous system regulates the contraction of the heart.