BIOL 1353 - Exam 4 - Mastering - Ch 17

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Primary Immune Response: Part A The primary immune response involves: a slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a gradual decline. an immediate increase in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a slow decline. a slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a rapid decline. an immediate increase in the concentration of antibodies, followed by an immediate and sharp decline.

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Primary Immune Response: Part B According to the animation, for approximately how many days is IgG present in the serum? Twenty days Five days Fifteen days Ten days

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Primary Immune Response: Part C According to the animation, on what day does IgM first appear? Day ten Day fifteen Day five Day one

Concept Map: Antibodies Part A Phagocytosis is a process for engulfing large particles (>1?m). Which feature of antibodies will help to make particles larger, therefore enhancing phagocytosis? agglutination complement activation neutralization opsonization

Concept Map: Antibodies Part B The flu virus mutates fairly frequently. Its adhesive proteins change such that we have different "strains" of influenza each year. When a particular flu virus mutates such that its adhesive proteins change, which function of antibodies is disrupted? opsonization complement activation neutralization agglutination

Concept Map: Antibodies Part C __________________ stimulated with ___________ differentiate into __________, which secrete antibodies into the bloodstream. Phagocytes, antigen, B-cells B-cells, antigen, plasma cells Antigen, plasma cells, B-cells Plasma cells, antigen, B-cells

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: Overview Part A Antigen processing and presentation is a way for viruses to infect cells. is only accomplished by bacterial cells. is a way for a cell to give information about its activities. is the way foreign cells engulf macrophages.

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: Overview Part B Why would a body cell that is not a phagocyte need to present antigens? Non-phagocytic body cells can become infected with a virus. Antigens are required for cell-to-cell attachment. All cells of the body can engulf invading cells. Antigens are infectious and can spread to normal cells.

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: Overview Part C How do phagocytes communicate to other cells what they have captured? They present antigens from engulfed foreign cells. They engulf virally infected cells. They spread viruses to other cells.

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Clonal Selection and Expansion Part A Which of the following best characterizes clonal selection? The production of identical B cells producing different antibodies The production of different antigens by the same B cell The production of identical T cells producing the same antibody The production of identical B cells producing the same antibody

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Clonal Selection and Expansion Part B What is produced by the process of clonal expansion? Plasma cells and memory B cells Memory B cells Plasma cells Plasma cells, T cells, and memory B cells

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Clonal Selection and Expansion Part C An antigen that is potent enough to activate a B cell on its own is known as BCR. antibodies. T-dependent antigens. T-independent antigens.

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Clonal Selection and Expansion Part D Based on the animation, T cells recognized the antigen displayed by what protein of the B cell? BCR MHC Antigen TCR CD4

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Clonal Selection and Expansion Part E How can a sufficient humoral immune response occur if a plasma cell only lives for a few days? Each plasma cell can proliferate into more plasma cells. Memory B cells can also produce antibodies. Each plasma cell can produce up to 2000 antibodies every second. T cells can also produce antibodies.

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: Steps Part A Where are MHC molecules located on a cell? In the nucleus They are not associated with any one location on the cell Inside the cell cytoplasm On the surface of the cell

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: Steps Part B What is a feature of the small fragments presented by MHC-I proteins? They are derived from bacteria. They are small fragments of nucleic acids, 8-10 nucleotides in length. They are small peptides, roughly 8-10 amino acids long. They are large proteins from the host.

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: Steps Part C Which organelle assists directly with the presentation of MHC-I antigens? The Golgi apparatus The phagosome The nucleus The endoplasmic reticulum The mitochondria

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: Steps Part D When does MHC-II loading occur? During viral infection After passing through the endoplasmic reticulum During the fusion of vesicles containing MHC-II proteins with vesicles containing digested pathogens During phagocytosis of an invading pathogen

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: Steps Part E Which of the cells listed below can present antigens on Class II MHC proteins? Virus infected epithelial cells Healthy epithelial cells Tumor cells Macrophages

Microbiology Animation: Cell-Mediated Immunity: Cytotoxic T Cells Part A What is apoptosis? A protein molecule that forms a pore in the membranes of infected cells. The receptor on a cytotoxic T-cell that recognizes MHC molecules. The process of programmed cell death. The proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells.

Microbiology Animation: Cell-Mediated Immunity: Cytotoxic T Cells Part B What is the function of the CD8 receptor? Activate cytokines Produce IL-2 Produce gamma interferon Bind to MHC molecules

Microbiology Animation: Cell-Mediated Immunity: Cytotoxic T Cells Part C What is the fate of activated cytotoxic T-cells? Each activated cytotoxic T-cell proliferates, forming a clone of cells specific to the same antigen. They can mature and attack infected cells. They are infected by viruses. They are destroyed via apoptosis. They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen; some of these cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells, while others mature to attack infected cells. They can differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells.

Microbiology Animation: Cell-Mediated Immunity: Cytotoxic T Cells Part D Which molecule triggers apoptosis? Granzyme Gamma-interferon IL-2 MHC Perforin

Microbiology Animation: Cell-Mediated Immunity: Cytotoxic T Cells Part E Which event happens first during cytotoxic T-cell activation? CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells Secretion of granzymes and perforin Clonal proliferation Production of IL-2 and gamma-interferon receptors

Microbiology Animation: Cell-Mediated Immunity: Overview Part A Which type of cell directly attacks infected cells? Cytotoxic T-cells Bacterial cells Helper T-cells Cancerous cells

Microbiology Animation: Cell-Mediated Immunity: Overview Part B Immune cells that secrete cytokines and activate other immune cells are: Helper T-cells Abnormal body cells Invading pathogenic bacteria Cytotoxic T-cells Virally infected cells

Microbiology Animation: Cell-Mediated Immunity: Overview Part C HIV directly infects T-cells. Why is this problematic for cell-mediated immunity? HIV causes cytokines to be produced at much higher levels, altering the normal function of the immune system. Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body. HIV reprograms these cells to attack the body cells. HIV transforms the T-cells into cancer cells.

Microbiology Animation: Cell-Mediated Immunity: Overview Part D How do helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells work together? Helper T-cells produce cytotoxic T-cells. Cytotoxic T-cells produce cytokines to activate helper T-cells. Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system. Cytotoxic T-cells attack abnormal body cells, while helper T-cells attack virally infected cells.

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: MHC Part A Which structure do antigen presenting cells utilize to directly help them present bacterial antigens? Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondria Phagolysosome

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: MHC Part B Which of the following are likely to be found on an MHC-I protein? Membranes from a neighboring dead host cell Bacterial cell wall fragment Bacterial DNA Damaged mitochondrial fragment Bacterial flagella

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: MHC Part C What would a virally infected skin epithelial cell have on its cell surface? Class I MHC with skin cell antigens Class II MHC with macrophage antigens Class II MHC with liver cell antigens Class II MHC with viral antigens

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: MHC Part D Which of the following would you likely see on the surface of a human dendritic cell following phagocytosis of a bacterium? Class II MHC with dendritic cell antigens Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria Class II MHC with engulfed bacterial antigens

Microbiology Animation: Antigen Processing and Presentation: MHC Part E Tom has a genetic disorder in which he does not synthesize class I MHC proteins or functional NK cells. Which of the following statements would be true for Tom? Tom would not be able to produce antibodies against viruses. Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells. Tom would be more susceptible to bacterial infections. Tom would be less susceptible to helminth infections.

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Overview Part A Which part of the adaptive immune response involves B cells? Both humoral and cell-mediated Humoral Cell-mediated Neither humoral nor cell-mediated

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Overview Part B Antibodies are a part of which type of immunity? Cell-mediated Humoral Neither humoral nor cell-mediated Both humoral and cell-mediated

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Secondary Immune Response Part A Which cells are involved in a secondary response? Plasma cells Memory B cells and plasma cells T cells Memory B cells

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Secondary Immune Response Part B How is the secondary response different from the primary response in terms of antibody concentration in the blood? The secondary response is slower, but produces more antibodies than the primary response. The secondary response is faster, but does not produce more antibodies than the primary response. There is no difference with regard to antibody concentration in the blood. The secondary response is faster and produces more antibodies than the primary response.

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Secondary Immune Response Part C According to the animation, on which day does the production of IgG occur in the secondary response? Day five Day fifteen Day ten Day two

Microbiology Animation: Humoral Immunity: Secondary Immune Response Part D An anamnestic response is: another name for primary response. another name for secondary response. the appearance of antibodies in serum. the term used to describe the production of antibodies from a plasma cell.

The cellular immune response can seem a bit more complex then the humoral response because there are more cell types involved and more then one outcome for many of these cell types. Let's focus on the different T cell subtypes and their role in the cell mediated response. Identify the following regarding cell-mediated immunity as either correct or incorrect. a) The cellular immune response is mediated by T cells. correct b) CD8* T-cells are T cytotoxic (Tc) cells that bind to MHC class I molecules and can differentiate into an effector cyotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL). correct c) T helper (Th) cells differentiate primarily into two different subsets, Th1 and Th10. incorrect d) The recognition of antigens by a T cell requires that an antigen-presenting cell (APC) first process them. correct e) The cell-mediated response functions to target and effectively remove freely circulating pathogens where antibodies can come in contact with them. incorrect f) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can use perforin, a pore-forming protein, to kill self cells that have been altered by infection with a pathogen. correct g) T cells are classified by their clusters of differentiation (CD), which serve as receptors. The most important CD classes for cell-mediated immunity are CD4 and CD6. incorrect h) T cells, like B cells, are specific for a particular antigen. correct i) T helper cells aid in both the humoral and cellular immune response. correct j) CD4* T cells are helper cells that bind to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II class molecules on B cells and antigen-pressing cells (APCs). incorrect

TH cell -- The helping function of this cell is activated by two signals; one signal occurs with the binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to a processed antigen, and the second signal is a costimulatory cytokine. Memory cell -- This cell is responsible for the enhanced secondary response to an antigen and is produced via clonal selection and differentiation of B cells. B-cell -- This cell becomes activated when its immunoglobulins bind to its specific epitope, and in order to be activated, it may require assistance via helper cells. Antibodies -- This molecule is made up of protein chains that form a complex with antigens. This complex serves to tag foreign cells and molecules for destruction by phagocytosis and complement. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte -- This cell is an effector cell that has the ability to recognize and kill target cells that are considered nonself cells.

Part D - Understanding How the Adaptive Immune Response Clears Invading Pathogens For pathogen below (Helmith), choose the type of cell that would be used in the adaptive immune response. TH17 cells B cells TH2 cells TH1 cells

Part E For pathogen below, choose the type of cell that would be used in the adaptive immune response. For pathogen (Intracellular bacteria and protozoa) below, choose the type of cell that would be used in the adaptive immune response. B cells TH17 cells TH2 cells TH1 cells

Part F - Understanding How the Adaptive Immune Response Clears Invading Pathogens For pathogen below (fungi and extracellular bacteria), choose the type of cell that would be used in the adaptive immune response. TH1 cells TH17 cells B cells TH2 cells

Part G - Understanding How the Adaptive Immune Response Creates Immunological Memory Against Pathogens Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired via injection of antibodies from an individual or host that has immunological memory to the specific pathogen or antigen. naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired passive immunity

Part H - Understanding How the Adaptive Immune Response Creates Immunological Memory Against Pathogens This type of immunity is acquired via the passing of antibodies from a mother to a child to give immunity during the development of the child's immune system. Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired via the passing of antibodies from a mother to a child to give immunity during the development of the child's immune system. artificially acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity

Part I - Understanding How the Adaptive Immune Response Creates Immunological Memory Against Pathogens Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired when a person is vaccinated for a specific type of infection via the introduction of antigens. These antigens normally have undergone some type of modification and may not confer the same type of long-lasting memory that would occur with unmodified antigens. artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired active immunity

Part J - Understanding How the Adaptive Immune Response Creates Immunological Memory Against Pathogens Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe? This type of immunity is acquired when antigens enter the body and an infection occurs. The immune system works to fight the infection via the innate and adaptive immune responses and creates an immunological memory of that particular antigen. naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity

Part A - B Cells and Ab Production Order the steps in the clonal expansion of antibodies and the production of antibodies. Using its TCR the Th cell recognizes the viral epitope displayed by the b cell Cytokines produced by the Th cell activate the B cell which divides giving rise to two cell types memory and plasma cells Plasma cells secrete antibodies that recognize the virus

The Wiggly Little Boy Which of the following is the most likely possible diagnosis for Caleb? A. Sinus infection B. Flu C. Ear infection D. Common cold E. Mumps

The Wiggly Little Boy While we usually think of fever as a bad thing, a fever is actually signifying that an immune response is progressing! Overall, which of the following cytokines would be most involved in increasing Caleb's fever response? A. Interleukin-4 B. Interleukin-1 C. Interleukin-2 D. Interleukin-10 E. Interleukin-12

The Wiggly Little Boy The examination led to a diagnosis of otitis media (OM), or an ear infection. The picture on the left demonstrates a swollen, red eardrum with a fluid buildup behind the membrane. The immune processes most involved in the inflammation seen behind Caleb's eardrum would be attributed to: A. Lysis of red blood cells and allergic responses against platelets B. Destruction of all leukocytes and sudden cytokine storm responses C. Uncontrolled tissue necrosis due to pathogenic immune responses D. Vasodilation of capillaries and accumulation of immune cells, fluid or pus E. Reducing edema factors and increasing intravascular coagulation

The Wiggly Little Boy Most patients would happily accept a prescription for antibiotics from the pediatrician and go home. But as a microbiologist, Dr. Trapper wanted to identify the infectious etiology and see what was going on inside his son. Even though it's not standard procedure for otitis media, he asked for some of the fluid contained behind the eardrum to be collected with a syringe (tympanocentesis) so he could analyze it for culture and sensitivity in his lab. He stained the fluid and examined it under the microscopic field. Interestingly, although he did not find any noticeable bacterial organisms, he did find high numbers of this characteristic responding cell type (picture), which could likely be identified as a: A. Neutrophil B. Macrophage C. Plasma cell D. Natural killer (NK) cell E. Dendritic cell

Dr. Trapper wasn't going to give up easily and continued to scan the overall field for bacterial clues, but all he found were more immune cells. Soon, he noticed something else interesting...several cells were interacting! The likely identities of these cells based on morphologies could be best described as: A. Activated B cell and an antibody producing cell B. Macrophage and a platelet cell C. Adaptive immune cell and an antigen presenting cell D. Neutrophil and a complement cell E. "Killer" cell and an infected eardrum cell

The Wiggly Little Caleb recovered without incident, but because there are millions of cases of ear infections every year in the U.S., Dr. Trapper wanted to make sure that this would not be the first of many recurrent ear infections for his son. He wanted to ensure that Caleb did not have an underlying immunodeficiency that would cause his future responses to fight antigens suboptimally. He asked the physician to do a serology analysis of Caleb, which consisted of probing for each antibody isotype found and to report how much is present. The analysis yielded the following results. What might you conclude from this? Probe Qualitative Result Anti-whole human antiserum +++ Anti-IgG ++ Anti-IgA ++ Anti-IgM + A. Caleb has a B cell deficiency B. Caleb has a normal response C. Caleb has SCID D. Caleb has a T cell deficiency E. Caleb has an autoimmune disorder

The Wiggly Little Boy If this particular antigen attempts to re-infect Caleb, it's in for a bigger fight. By getting activation of adaptive immune cells such as B-cells and T-cells, the body generates an extra layer of protection. What is a critical advantage for Caleb the next time he encounters this antigen? A. Anamnestic (memory) responses and future vaccinations to augment the response B. Rates of ear infections (otitis media) are decreasing in the U.S. C. Innate immune components will be more abundant and quicker to respond D. Total immunity to the antigen once exposed and defeated by the body E. New, more potent antibiotics may be available as therapeutics to minimize need for immune responses

Chapter 17 - Reading Questions - Question 1 Part A Which of the following statements concerning cellular immunity is FALSE? A. T cells respond to antigens when the antigens bind to receptors on their surface. B. The lymphocytes involved with cellular immunity are found primarily in lymphoid organs and blood. C. The thymus is necessary for development of cells involved in cellular immunity. D. Cellular immunity involves cells that recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them.

Chapter 17 - Reading Questions - Question 2 Part A What is the correct sequence of events for activation of a B cell by a T-dependent antigen? (1) Immunoglobulin receptors on the B cell recognize and bind the antigen. (2) An antigen fragment in complex with MHC class 2 is displayed on the B cell's surface. (3) The MHC-antigen complex binds a receptor on a TH cell. (4) The TH cell secretes cytokines that activate the B cell. The T cells binds to an antibody on the B cell. The T cell secretes cytokines. The B cell binds the antigen. The B cell is activated by binding to the antigen. The B cell binds to a cytokine and then interacts with the TH cell. This causes the B cell to bind the antigen, and then the B cell is activated. Identical repeating subunits on the antigen bind to many of the antibodies on the surface of the B cell. This activates the B cell.

Chapter 17 - Reading Questions - Question 9 Part A If a patient has been exposed to an antigen for the first time, which class of immunoglobulin appears first? IgM IgD IgE IgG

Multiple Choice Question 17.1 Part A What type of immunity results from vaccination? innate immunity naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity

Multiple Choice Question 17.2 Part A What type of immunity results from transfer of antibodies from one individual to a susceptible individual by means of injection? innate immunity naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity

Multiple Choice Question 17.4 Part A Which of the following is the best definition of epitope? specific regions on antigens that interact with T-cell receptors specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies specific regions on antigens that interact with perforins specific regions on antigens that interact with haptens specific regions on antigens that interact with MHC class molecules

Multiple Choice Question 17.5 Part A Newborns' immunity due to the transfer of antibodies across the placenta is an example of innate immunity. naturally acquired active immunity. naturally acquired passive immunity. artificially acquired active immunity. artificially acquired passive immunity.

Multiple Choice Question 17.7 Part A Which of the following cells is NOT an APC? natural killer cells macrophages immature B cells dentritic cells None of the answers is correct; all of these are APCs.

Multiple Choice Question 17.10 Part A Which of the following recognizes antigens displayed on host cells with MHC II? basophil natural killer cell B cell TC cell TH cell

Multiple Choice Question 17.11 Part A The specificity of an antibody is due to its valence. the H chains. the L chains. the constant portions of the H and L chains. the variable portions of the H and L chains.

Multiple Choice Question 17.13 Part A Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cellular immunity? The cells originate in bone marrow. It can inhibit the immune response. B cells make antibodies. Cells are processed in the thymus gland. T cells react with antigens.

Multiple Choice Question 17.15 Part A The antibodies found in mucus, saliva, and tears are IgG. IgM. IgA. IgD. IgE.

Multiple Choice Question 17.20 Part A The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is IgG. IgM. IgA. IgD. IgE.

Multiple Choice Question 17.24 Part A Which of the following statements is FALSE? The constant region of a heavy chain is the same for all antibodies. The variable region of a light chain binds with antigen. The variable region of a heavy chain binds with antigen. The Fc region attaches to a host cell. All of the answers are correct.

Multiple Choice Question 17.25 Part A Which of the following is the best definition of antigen? something foreign in the body a pathogen a protein that combines with antibodies a chemical that elicits an antibody response and can combine with these antibodies a chemical that combines with antibodies

Multiple Choice Question 17.28 Part A See Pictures In the figure, which areas are similar for all IgG antibodies? a and b a and c b and c c and d b and d

Multiple Choice Question 17.34 Part A Which of the following destroys virus-infected cells? CTL TH B cells Treg dendritic cells

The helping function of this cell is activated by two signals; one signal occurs with the binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to a processed antigen, and the second signal is a costimulatory cytokine. TH cell Memory cell B-cell Antibodies Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

This cell is responsible for the enhanced secondary response to an antigen and is produced via clonal selection and differentiation of B cells. TH cell Memory cell B-cell Antibodies Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

This cell becomes activated when its immunoglobulins bind to its specific epitope, and in order to be activated, it may require assistance via helper cells. TH cell Memory cell B-cell Antibodies Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

This molecule is made up of protein chains that form a complex with antigens. This complex serves to tag foreign cells and molecules for destruction by phagocytosis and complement. TH cell Memory cell B-cell Antibodies Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

This cell is an effector cell that has the ability to recognize and kill target cells that are considered nonself cells. TH cell Memory cell B-cell Antibodies Cytotoxic T lymphocyte