Chapter 15

What type of tissue, present in the walls of blood vessels, allows for regulation of vessel diameter?

What maintains the driving pressure on blood while the heart is not contracting (ventricular diastole)?

What compensatory mechanisms are available to help maintain blood pressure when a large volume of blood is lost, such as during a hemorrhage?

Which changes in paracrines cause vasodilation? What is the result?

What does the total blood flow through ALL of the bodies arterioles equal?

If there were a sudden increase in blood volume, what would the baroreceptors do and what would be the effect of that reflex?

The lipid material of an atherosclerotic plaque accumulates

Which set of changes correctly describes the baroreceptor reflex in response to increased blood pressure?

Which blood vessel layer secretes paracrine factors, which participate in the regulation of blood pressure and blood vessel growth?

White blood cells are generally too large to pass through capillaries. What route must they follow to move from the arterial to the venous circulation?

Fainting is also known as

Perfusion is

are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system

The inner lining of blood vessels is called

Smooth muscle is present in the walls of

The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called

Differences between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles

The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the

Angiogenesis is

Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of

The endothelium of the blood vessels and its adjacent connective tissue make up the ________, which is surrounded by layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue called ________.

Capillary walls consist of ________, supported on a cellular matrix called ________.

Cerebral capillaries are surrounded by ________ and glial cells and have tight junctions that create the ________.

Venules are similar to capillaries: they have ________ epithelium and only small amounts of ________.

Loss of pericytes around retinal capillaries is a hallmark of the disease

Blood pressure can be measured with a sphygmomanometer. When the display indicates diastolic pressure, what is heard through the stethoscope. Why?

What is the role of the kidney in blood pressure regulation?

Which is the correct relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance?

Mean arterial pressure is equal to diastolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure. An equivalent equation is MAP = 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP. Why is diastolic blood pressure a larger component of MAP than systolic blood pressure?

Using a sphygmomanometer, a nurse measures a patient's blood pressure as 134/86. What is the patient's pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure?

What effect would an increase in blood volume have on the resistance to blood flow?

What effect would an increase in venous tone have on mean arterial pressure?

The values obtained when measuring blood pressure, such as 120/80,

Which of the following is occurring during systole?

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because

Blood pressure is determined by

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the

All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT

Which organ is NOT part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure?

Blood pressure is highest in the ________ and decreases continuously as blood flows through the circulatory system, due to ________.

The rapid pressure increase that occurs when the left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta can be felt as

Venous return to the heart is aided by the

A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain is called a(n) ________ and may cause the loss of neurological function commonly called ________.

Mean arterial pressure is ________ proportional to cardiac output and ________ proportional to resistance of arterioles.

The turbulent flow of blood causes a noise called a ________ that can be heard through the stethoscope when taking blood pressure.

The structures that regulate blood flow into single capillaries within a tissue are

Which type of vessel changes most to regulate resistance to blood flow. Why?

What is the mechanism behind myogenic autoregulation in vascular smooth muscle?

What causes active hyperemia?

Under what circumstance would the heart produce significant levels of adenosine?

Which paracrine acts as a vasoconstrictor?

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the

If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does NOT change, what happens to arterial blood pressure?

Increased blood volume ________ blood pressure.

Myogenic autoregulation means that

Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation EXCEPT

Reactive hyperemia is

Reactive hyperemia is triggered by

The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnancy is known as

In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle,

Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles. Which are NOT paired correctly?

________ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of selective materials to pass.

Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ________ in some tissues.

The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls.

When blood pressure is normal, the receptors in arterial walls fire action potentials

When blood pressure receptors sense a loss of blood pressure, they ________ their firing rate.

Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to

When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure,

If a person is bedridden for several days, the baroreceptor reflex may fail upon standing. Why?

________ is an increase in blood flow that accompanies an increase in metabolic activity.

Norepinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________ and epinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________.

The decrease in blood pressure upon standing is known as

The term for chronically elevated blood pressure is

Receptors that monitor blood pressure are called

Compensation for decreased blood volume includes increases in

Fenestrated capillaries are present in

Regarding the cardiovascular system, the main role(s) of the kidneys is/are to

Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except one. Identify the exception.

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, her mean arterial pressure would be

The cardiovascular control center in the brain can directly cause

Which of the following is greater?

Which of the following is greater?

Which of the following is greater?

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in

During the fight-or-flight reaction, epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla and binds to ________ receptors on the vascular smooth muscle of heart, liver, and skeletal muscle arterioles and results in ________ blood flow to these organs; epinephrine can also bind to ________ receptors on other tissues, causing ________ blood flow to these organs.

At rest, the majority of blood flows through the ________

The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to

The bone marrow, the liver, and the spleen do NOT have traditional capillaries. Instead, they have modified vessels called ________ that are ________ than a capillary.

Blood velocity is lowest in the ________.

What determines the blood flow through individual blood vessels in a local system of vessels?

Which syndrome is consistent with a big increase in parasympathetic activity leading to widespread vasodilation and fainting.

If a person's lymph vessels suddenly vanished (an impossible scenario), what impact would this have on the circulatory system?

Why is the velocity of blood lowest in the capillaries as compared to all other types of vessels?

What is the mechanism by which bulk flow occurs at the capillaries?

Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is

Due to the differences in opposing forces, there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ________ at the venous end.

Osmotic pressure resulting from presence of plasma proteins in blood is called ________ pressure.

The osmotic pressure created by the presence of proteins is known as ________, which is _________ in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid.

Capillary exchange involving movement between the endothelial cells is called the

Capillary exchange involving movement through the cells is called ________ transport.

Bulk flow refers to the mass movement of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid. Which of the following statements is not correct concerning bulk flow?

Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ________ system.

A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called

The accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space is called

The lymphatic system

Malnutrition can cause edema because

The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial space functions to

Given that there is a baroreceptor reflex to regulate blood pressure, how is it possible for blood pressure to remain elevated in individuals diagnosed with chronic hypertension?

Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the

Which of these does NOT increase the risk for cardiovascular disease?

For a diagnosis of hypertension, a patient must have

Edema is likely to occur when

Which of the following is/are (a) possible treatment(s) for hypertension?

Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem? A drug that