Chapter 14 Mastering Microbiology

Human normal microbiota begin to develop....? during adulthood at puberty during birth before birth

If an individual is a carrier of an infectious disease, he is __________. both symptomatic and noninfective both asymptomatic and infective infective asymptomatic

Fecal-oral infections are usually a result of __________. airborne transmission bodily fluid transmission foodborne transmission waterborne transmission

Which of the following types of diseases has the shortest time frame? latent disease chronic disease subacute disease acute disease

Which of the following is an example of the parenteral route? A pathogen enters the body through a hair follicle. A person rubs his or her eyes with contaminated fingers. A person steps on a nail. A pathogen crosses the placenta and infects a fetus.

A patient's immune system is typically fully responsive during which of the following stages of disease? prodromal period decline incubation period illness

Identification of the index case is an important part of which of the following types of epidemiology? analytical epidemiology experimental epidemiology descriptive epidemiology None of the listed responses is correct.

All of the following might lead to a disease caused by an opportunistic pathogen EXCEPT __________. an encounter with an infected animal immune suppression hormonal changes changes in diet

Rabies is an example of a zoonosis that is hard to control because __________. -it can be spread by nonliving reservoirs as well as by animal hosts -its true animal reservoir is unknown -its reservoir contains both domestic and sylvatic animals -it can be spread both by humans and by animals

Which of the following is the most effective way to reduce the number of nosocomial infections? -handwashing -limiting patient stays -antibiotic therapy -specimen collection

A new drug blocks the adhesins on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. What would likely be the major effect of this drug? -It will inhibit the growth and reproduction of this pathogen. -It will prevent formation of the glycocalyx in this pathogen. -It will kill the pathogen. -It will prevent infection by this pathogen.

In an asymptomatic individual, which of the following might still be detectable? -lethargy -leukopenia -itching -nausea

Which of the following is NOT a reason why bacterial capsules are effective in the inhibition of phagocytosis? -They are ineffective at stimulating the host's immune response. -They are usually made of chemicals normally found in the body. -They make it difficult for phagocytes to surround and grip the bacterial cell. -They contain chemicals that are lethal to phagocytes.

A patient contracted a disease just by being in the same room with an infected individual for an extended period of time. Which of the following modes of disease transmission is most applicable in this situation? -vehicle transmission -vector transmission -vehicle and vector transmission -direct contact transmission

The typical relationship between the resident microbiota and the transient microbiota is which of the following? -commensalism -mutualism -parasitism -antagonism

Infection and disease are NOT the same thing because __________. -infections last longer than diseases -disease refers only to microbes growing inside the body -they are caused by different kinds of pathogens -disease does not necessarily result from an infection

An epidemiologist collects drinking glasses, tissues, and bed sheets from the apartment of an individual infected with a particular disease. Which of the following modes of transmission is being investigated for this disease? -vehicle transmission -vector transmission -direct contact transmission -indirect contact transmission

Endotoxins are also known as interleukin-1. prostaglandins. Lipid A. cytokines.

When would endotoxins be released from a bacterial cell? -When the cell moves toward a energy source -When the cell attaches to a host cell in the human body -When the cell dies -During bacterial conjugation

Which of the following would be the first sign of an infection that resulted in the release of endotoxin? -Weakness -Fever -Pain -Nausea

Why is a release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly? -It causes necrosis of the liver. -It results in dehydration of the patient. -Endotoxin can quickly enter the brain from the bloodstream, causing brain damage. -It can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock.

Which of the following features of Salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed? -Flagella -Invasins -Fimbriae

Where do Salmonella pathogens grow and replicate in the infected host? Inside M cells Inside Shigella cells Inside phagocytes Inside intestinal epithelial cells

Where is the site of Shigella attachment in the host? -Intestinal epithelial cells -M cells -Leukocytes -Phagocytes

How do Shigella cells move between host cells? -They lyse the M cell, releasing thousands of new cells to infect other host cells. -They are secreted directly into the epithelial cells from the M cells. -They are secreted by phagocytes. -They can polymerize actin molecules from the epithelial cells into tail-like structures that propel them from one cell to another.

What is the etiologic agent of typhoid? -salmonella -shigella -e coli

An exotoxin that has the ability to kill or damage host cells is referred to as a(n): superantigen. neurotoxin. enterotoxin. cytotoxin. A-B toxin

Which domain of the A-B toxin binds to cell surface receptors on the host cell? -Both the A and B domains have the ability to bind to cell surface receptors. -A domain -B domain -A-B toxins do not bind to cell surfaces.

How are superantigens different from other types of exotoxins? -Superantigens must be endocytosed into a target cell before becoming active. -Superantigens cause an overstimulation of the host immune system. -Superantigens are comprised of two functional domains. -Superantigens only act against host neurons.