Microbiology Final Exam

Why study microbiology

Most microorganisms are harmful

The leading cause of death resulting from infectious disease is

Which of the following has been a major factor leading to emerging disease

_________ has returned to the ranks of leading causes of death as a "re-emerging" disease becuase of increasing drug resistance

Which of the following is a disease caused by a new human pathogen

Which of the following has been used as a biological weapon

Who developed the first true vaccine

Aseptic surgical practices were introduced by

Who among the following first detected the existence of noncellular infectious agents, which are now known as viruses

The use of microorganisms to clean up toxic spills known as

Which of the following first proposed that health care workers should wash their hands before coming into contact with their patients

The process for determining the etiologic agent of an infectious disease was developed by___________, and used to identify the bacteria caused by anthrax

Mycology is the study of

The study of the body's defenses against invading microbes is called

Which of the following cellular structures is not found in all organisms

Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes

Which of the following infectious agents is not an organism

The genetic material of prokaryotes is

Bacterial cell walls are composed of

Human tapeworms are best measured in

The genetic material of eukaryotes is found in the _________ of the cell

The organelle involved in both digestion and apoptosis is the

Which of the following is best described as an infectious protein

The primary function of the ________________ is production of the short-term energy storage molecule ATP

The first antibiotic discovered kills bacteria but does not harm people. This is an example of

Yeasts are members of the

The scientific name of an organism is the

Which version of binomial nomenclature form is correct

The microscopes used in AC microbiology laboratory are__________________

In microbiology growth usually means

Proteins that catalyze the reactions of metabolism are called

Organisms which obtain their carbon and energy from organic sources of carbon are called

Dehydration synthesis reactions are a common type of _____________ reaction

In Dr. Dolby's class organic means grown without the use of chemicals

An organism described as fastidous

All living things require nitrogen

Which of the following statements are true of anabolic metabolism

Which of the following is a feature that eukaryotes have but prokaryotes lack

the agent that causes mad cow disease is a newly recognized type of agent of infectious disease known as

Chemoautotroph

Photautotroph

Facultative anaerobe

Halophile

Microaerophile

Some archea of thermophiles, which means they thrive under _________________

A few prokaryotes are capable of fixing nitrogen which means they

The first use of microbes as weapons in North america occured in 2001 when anthrax was sent throughtthe mail to several polititiacans

Which of the listed taxonimic ranks is the larges, containing the greatest number of different kinds of organisms

Which of the following is produced by the activity of microorganisms

Sexual reproduction involves meiosis.

Which of the following organisms is beneficial? A) Lactobacillus B) Streptomyces C) Cyanobacteria D) Cephalosporium niveum

The cellular process that results in two nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus is known as:

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is an identification method which detects the __ of an organism.

Which of the following is a segmented flatworm? A) Nematoda B) Cestoda C) Trematoda

A worm that fertilizes it's own ova is called:

Infection with parasitic worms is usually diagnosed based on:

Humans generally get infected with tapeworms by:

A scientist discovers a new worm which is flat and has a larval stage which inhabits fresh water snails. This worm is probably a

An intermediate host is one in which the __ stage of a worm lives.

The part of an adult tapeworm that attaches to the intestine is known as

Which of the following has a complete digestive system

The most common helminth parasite in the U.S. is the

Which fungal group reproduce by asexual means ONLY

Systemic mycoses are usually acquired by

A fungus described as "dimorphic" is

Asexual reproduction in multicelluar Ascomycota results in the production of

Which of the following is/are used in the production of foods and/or beverages

Disease caused by fungus is called

The term ___ refers to a multicellular fungus.

A fungus described as a saprobe is one that

the zygote formed by the fusion of the hyphae of two Rhizopus fungi is haploid.

Single celled fungus reproduce asexually by a process called

Protozoal parasites that commonly have complex life cycles are usually members of the

Protozoal parasites that commonly have complex life cycles are usually members of the

A protozoan passed in the feces as cysts is

The _____ is the actively feeding and reproducing stage of a protozoan.

Protozoa which are non-motile are members of the

Which of the following is member of the Flagellates/Mastigophora

Protozoa that are intracellular parasites are members of the

All protozoa reproduce sexually as well as asexually.

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan wall and an outer lipid membrane are Gram-positive

Which of the following diagnostic tests detects the presence of a bacterial virulence factor

The Gram stain distinguishes between differences in the ___ of bacteria

The bacterial toxin produced by __ can be used to treat various disorders involving muscle spasms

Pleomorphic bacteria

A structure of a bacterial cell that prevents white blood cells from attacking it is a/an

Microscopic characteristics used to identify bacteria could also be called ___ characteristics

Members of the Enterobacteriaceae which do not ferment lactose are called

Production of a clear (colorless) zone around colonies on blood agar plates is called __ hemolysis

In the lab you place a sample of bacteria in medium containing only sucrose as a carbon source, and incubate it to determine if the bacteria can grow on the medium. This is an example of Point

The protein component of a virion is called the

Why do viruses have to infect host cells

viral infection which results in the host cell being destroyed upon release of new virions is a __ infection

The large enveloped DNA viruses that commonly establish latent infections are in the __ family

Viruses are known to cause some types of human cancers

A recurring virus disease is likely the result of a __ virus infection

Which of the following is a criterion for classification of viruses into families? A) form of nucleic acid B) type of capsid C) presence of an envelope

How are prions different from all other known infectious agents

A segmented genome

Human activities have little impact on the emergence of new diseases

The cytoplasmic membrane is composed of

Which of the following organisms is a prokaryote

Which among the following is the largest taxonomic group

A key feature which eukaryotes have but prokaryotes lack is

Which of the following discovered the first antibiotic

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things

Which among the following infectious diseases is NOT among the leading causes of death worldwide

Which of the following is a function of the prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane? A) ATP production. B) regulating entry of materials into the cell. C) separation of daughter DNA molecules.

The study of patterns of disease in communities is known as

Fungi are classified into phyla on the basis of

Which of the following has no digestive system

Which of the following is a characteristic of bacterial microscopic morphology

Protozoa that use pseudopodia for motility are members of the group

Systemic mycoses are generally NOT transmitted from person to person

The mature adult stage of a worm may be found in a/an __ host

All protozoa are transmitted as cysts

Bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and stain Gram-negative (pink).

Which of the following methods of microbial control is considered bacteriostatic

The infectious agents resistant to nearly all means of sterilization are

Which of the following structures or functions is NOT a target for antibiotics?

A respiratory disease is most likely transmitted by the __ route

Which of the following medicines prevent bacterial protein synthesis

A disease in which signs and symptoms develop rapidly and then resolve in a short period of time is a/an __ infection

A zoonosis is a disease that is acquired by

A biological vector is A) a route of transmission. B) usually an insect. C) a reservoir of disease

An exoenzyme which increases a microbe's ability to invade the body is

An intestinal disease is most likely transmitted by the __ route

Infection with a Gram-negative bacterium is considered more serious than infections with Gram-positive bacteria due to

A microorganism which is highly virulent may also be referred to as:

A disease which spreads throughout the world is a/an __ disease

A nosocomial disease is one that is acquired by

Which of the following bacterial structures allows cells to stick to tissues

The microbiota are sometimes opportunistic pathogens

An exotoxin which results in destruction of white blood cells is

An infection that spreads throughout the body

An objective indicator of disease

The symptomatic stage of an infection

The signs and symptoms characterizing a disease

An infection that causes no detectable signs or symptoms

Lasting damage resulting from an infection

A decline in the number of white blood cells is known as

The reservoir for a zoonosis is

The ___ of a disease is its habitat or source

The period of time between exposure to a microbe and the onset of symptoms is the __ period

Which of the following is considered a symptom of disease

A pimple is an example of a/an _____ infection

A person who sheds pathogens which infect others is considered a

The ___ of a disease is the total number of cases of that disease in a given period of time

Which of the following is a sterilizing agent

The surface of a table in a food prep area must be sanitized without leaving a chemical residue to contaminate the materials to be prepared on it. Which of the following would be the best choice

Swabbing the skin with alcohol prior to drawing blood is an example of

You are about to have outpatient surgery. Alcohol is a sufficiently effective germicide to use in preparation of the scapel

A chemical agent that kills pathogenic microbes in general is a(n

You need to disinfect a room in which someone with norovirus was cared for. Noroviruses are naked capsid viruses. Which of the following disinfectants would be the best choice

The label of a disinfectant product you are considering buying lists benzyl ammonium as the active ingredient. This means the disinfectant is a/an

Dr. Lister used a/an __ to demonstrate the importance of sterilizing surgical instruments

Pasteurization is used to

Standard autoclaving conditions are not effective in sterilizing material of

Which of the following is an example of degerming

Which of the following statements is most accurate about freezing

Radiation (UV or gamma) is an effective microbicidal because it damages

Which of the following most effectively reduces microbes on fresh produce while leaving it safe to consume?

Antibacterial soaps often contain the disinfectant

Inappropriate antibiotic therapy may result in

Which of the following is/are true of selective toxicity

The only treatment options for viral diseases are treating signs and symptoms because there are no drugs that safely interrupt the virus infection cycle

Which of the following types of antimicrobial drugs make bacteria more susceptible to osmotic pressure (salt concentration) changes

Which of the following is an antiviral drug that interferes with events at the end of the HIV infection cycle

Among diseases caused by eukaryotic pathogens, the ones most difficult to treat without serious side effects are those involving systemic infections with

Interferon therapy is sometimes an option for treating infections with

The first antibiotic discovered acts on bacteria by

A treatment approach unique to the helminths is

Infections with protozoa are very easy to treat with no side-effects

It is usually inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat influenza because

Which of the following is a molecular component of innate immunity

The most abundant white blood cells in a blood sample from a healthy individual are

The antibody function of "gluing" pathogens together and inhibiting their growth is known as

Plasma cells produce large quantities of

Which class of antibody is found primarily in the mucus lining body cavities

The ____ play a key role in initiating the immune response

The ___ are chemical signals produced by Helper T-cells to communicate with other white blood cells

Molecules on the surface of cells that the immune system uses to distinguish "self" from foreign are

The highly specific line of defense against invading pathogens is known as

Release inflammatory chemicals

Secrete immunoglobulins

Attack and destroy infected cells

Engulf and digest bacteria

Display epitopes (antigen pieces) on MHC to lymphocytes

Produce interleukins for lymphocyte activation

Specific molecules or parts of microbes that the immune system recognizes as foreign are

The process in which cell self-destruct with their own enzymes is known as

Which of the following is a lymphocyte that leaves the bone marrow fully functional

Histamine release results in

Which of the following is NOT part of innate immunity

When infection occurs a variety of cells of innate immunity may respond. Which ones have a role in triggering the innate response and the adaptive immune response

The component of sweat and tears which helps prevent bacterial infection by damaging bacterial cell walls

Some complement factors become __ and help phagocytes find bacteria

Which of the following is a protein that prevents microbes from using the body's reserves of iron

The microbiota of the body have no role in protecting the body from infection

NK cells identify targets to attack by

Barriers to microbial invasion include all of the following EXCEPT

Natural resistance means the organism lacks the appropriate environment or structures for a pathogen to become established

Fixed macrophages in the lungs are called

Molecules produced during virus infection which help the cells of the body resist and fight virus infection are

Molecules produced during virus infection which help the cells of the body resist and fight virus infection are

Neutrophils fight pathogens by

Which of the following is NOT true of the process by which B-cells create their unique antibody molecules

The class of antibody first produced by activated B-lymphocytes is

Cells of the acquired immune system that primarily target virus-infected cells are

Cells of the acquired immune system that primarily target virus-infected cells are

Naive lymphocytes require __ to become "activated" and participate in the fight against infection

The portion of the antibody molecule that can interact with cells of the immune system is

Each plasma cell produces a single class of antibody specific for a single epitope

The ___ are the white blood cells that coordinate the acquired immune response

Which of the following can become a "memory cell"

T-cells (T lymphocytes) mature in the

Antigen presenting cells use ___ to display epitopes (antigens) to lymphocytes

Interleukin (IL) ___ is involved in promoting a cellular (Type 1) immune response

The antibody function known as ___ inactivates toxins

Which of the following is a concern about attenuated vaccines

The vaccine for chickenpoxx is an example of a __ vaccine

Gammaglobulin therapy is used to

An immunoassay that detects antibodies specific for a particular pathogen is called a direct immunoassay

The immunodiagnostic assay that makes use of colored metal compounds attached to antibody molecules is known as

Monoclonal antibodies (mouse antibodies of defined specificity) are used in

Which of the following is the correct order for the relative abundance of white blood cells, from greatest to least, in a healthy individual

Which of the following cells increase in abundance in the blood during a helminth infection

The tetanus vaccine (tetanus toxoid) is an example of a ___ vaccine

The autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks and damages the pancreas is known as

Classic systemic lupus erythematosis is characterized by the presence of

Definitive diagnosis of infection with HIV requires a diagnostic test known as

The syndrome known as AIDS results when

When IgE antibodies react to ___, the response may lead to the inflammation known as type 1 hypersensitivity

Which of the following disorders is the result of cytotoxic T-cell activity

The hypersensitivity disorder known as hemolytic disease of the newborn is the result of

Teenagers are most frequently the victims of skin disease caused by

Opportunistic infection of puncture wounds by the Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus __ can result in edema, necrosis and gas pockets in the tissues (gas gangrene

Infection of the skin with Microsporum results in disease known as

Leshmaniasis is acquired by:

A man comes into the ER with an intensely painful injury. Upon investigation the staff find that he is running a fever and is nauseous, the infected area is hot to the touch, and the skin and underlying muscle is necrotic. The likely diagnosis is __ due to infection with__.

Painful ulcerating lesions that reappear in the same location on or near the mouth are likely the result of latent infection with

A potentially fatal, rapidly progressing bacterial meningitis most commonly seen in young adults is due to infection with

____ is a diagnostic indicator common to nearly all bacterial meningitis diseases

Exposure of newborns to a vagina infected with the Gram-positive beta-hemolytic coccus ___ may result in neonatal meningitis

Which central nervous system infection is transmitted by mosquitoes

Careless handling of contact lenses may result in ocular infection with

Exposure to pigeon droppings may result in infection with the monomorphic yeast ___, a member of the Basidiomycota. The infection may spread from the lungs to the brain, especially in immunocompromised persons

A 3 month old baby brought into the ER is flaccid and having difficulty breathing. The mother reports the baby is constipated and has not been nursing much. These signs and symptoms are consistent with

Primary infection with ___ results in infectious mononucleosis, but this DNA virus can reactivate later as oral hairy leukoplakia

The signs and symptoms of septic shock are the result of

Infection with ___ results in disease called breakbone fever because of the bone and joint pain it causes

The vector-borne protozoan ____ is an intracellular parasite of the myocardium, leading to an enlarged heart and possibly death from heart failure.

A rash known as erythema migrans is associated with infection by

Vaccine-preventable respiratory infections include

The "common cold" is the result of infection with

The Gram-negative true human pathogen coccobacillus ___ poisons the cells of the respiratory tract, leading to spasms of coughing which leave the victim anoxic and fatigued, and may result in death.

Recurring pandemics of influenza are primarily the result of:

Which of the following statements is TRUE of Pneumocystis jiroveci

Which of the following hepatitis viruses is spread fecal-orally

Children frequently contract ___ from handling rodent or reptile pets

Oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) is caused by

The leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in the U.S. is __. It causes a brief period of intense symptoms and is commonly referred to as a "24 hour stomach bug"

Infection with the Flagellate ___ results in severe, foul-smelling diarrhea with bloating which can persist for weeks and may progress to malabsorption syndrome resulting in significant weight loss

Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are common causes of bacterial urinary tract infections.

Infection of the urinary tract with adenoviruses may result in

Neonates exposed to __ at birth may develop "cigarette burn" skin lesions and damage to the central nervous system

A hypersensitivity disorder of the urinary system that may result from systemic infections with Streptococcus pyogenes is known as

Which of the following STDs is usually asymptomatic in women but may lead to infertility

The Gram-negative non-coliform bacillus ___ causes bacterial gastroenteritis commonly contracted from contaminted food

Infection with the nematode ___ is acquired by ingesting the eggs. The most common symptom of infection is itching in the anal area

The DNA virus ___ is primarily spread by contact with blood and can establish asymptomatic or mild infections, but about 10% of infections can lead to chronic infections resulting in severe liver damage.

The bacterium responsible for the biofilm known as dental plaque is

The anaerobic endospore-forming bacillus __ is part of the normal intestinal microbiota but may cause opportunistic disease when other intestinal bacteria are depleted by antibiotics

he viral STD that can cause cancer is

The Gram-negative fastidious diplococcus which is transmitted by close contact and causes urethritis in most infected males is

The STD caused by a protozoal parasite is

the leading STD in the U.S. currently is

The acid-fast bacillus ___ is spread by aerosols and causes slow progressive lung damage resulting in respiratory failure

Valley fever is a respiratory infection caused by the dimorphic true pathogen ___ which is contracted by exposure to wind-blown spores from desert soil.

The bacterium __ is a member of the Firmicutes and is the cause of primary atypical pneumonia which is often diagnosed by the appearance of a small blister on the ear drum.

The key sign characteristic of pneumonia is

The respiratory system is considered to be normally free of microbiota (axenic)

Which of the following nervous system diseases is a zoonosis

the Gram-negative fastidious diplococcus ___ is transmitted by close contact and aerosols, and causes a meningitis accompanied by petechial rash

Persons who accidentally get warm lake water in their noses are at risk of fatal encephalitis caused by the protozoan

he symptoms of disease caused by the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum are the result of

Prion disease is acquired by

Infection with __ results in an acute infection with red rash known as the red measles

The bacteria responsible for wound infections frequently called "flesh eating bacteria