Microbiology Ch.13- 16

Which of the following statements concerning viruses is true?

Which statement concerning viral structure is true?

How does specialized transduction differ from regular lysogeny?

What happens to the packaged DNA of a specialized transduced phage when it infects a new recipient cell?

How can specialized transduction contribute to the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in a bacterial population?

Which of the following is true concerning a lysogenic viral replication cycle?

How are viruses different from cells?

What is the function1 of the structural elements of a virus?

How do naked viruses differ from enveloped viruses in their attachment/penetration phase?

Which virus employs the use of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?

Which of the following viruses is transcribed from RNA to DNA to RNA during the replication cycle?

Which type of virus would produce viral glycoproteins to be expressed on the host cell membrane?

Which of the following can be used directly as messenger RNA?

We sometimes are able to generate antibodies (immune system proteins) that bind to and cover up some of the proteins on the outermost portion of a virus while it is in the bloodstream. This renders the virus unable to reproduce. Which step of viral replication are antibodies directly preventing?

Enveloped viruses have a layer of lipids surrounding their capsid. This envelope is made mostly of host cell membrane. In which step does the virus acquire this envelope?

What occurs during viral uncoating?

Which of the following statements regarding latent viral infections is true?

Which of the following is true regarding cultivation and isolation of animal viruses?

From which phrase is the term "prions" derived?

In what year did Stanley Prusiner discover prions?

Which disease did Stanley Prusiner first identify as being caused by prions?

How are prions different from other infectious agents?

The normal function of the PrP protein in mammals is believed to be

How do normal prion proteins (PrP) differ from the infectious prion proteins?

How does the number of infectious prions increase?

Why are the beta-pleated multimers of PrP potentially pathogenic?

Which of the following statements concerning prion diseases is true?

Which of the following is true of viroids?

How do all viruses differ from bacteria?

Which of the following statements provides the most significant support for the idea that viruses are nonliving chemicals?

Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE?

hich of the following statements about viral spikes is FALSE?

Which of the following is NOT used as a criterion to classify viruses?

What contributes to antigenic shift in influenza viruses?

A viral species is a group of viruses that

Viruses that utilize reverse transcriptase belong to the virus families

DNA made from an RNA template will be incorporated into the virus capsid of

Which of the following is NOT utilized to culture viruses?

A clear area against a confluent "lawn" of bacteria is called a

Continuous cell lines differ from primary cell lines in that

Lysogenic viral DNA integrating into the host genome is referred to as

Which of the following events might trigger induction of a temperate bacteriophage?

How is the lytic cycle different from the lysogenic cycle with respect to the infected host cell?

What is the fate of the prophage during the lysogenic stage?

In which stage is the viral DNA introduced into the cell?

In which stage does formation of mature viruses occur?

The host DNA is usually degraded during which stage?

What would be the fate of a lytic bacteriophage if the host cell died prior to the assembly stage?

Bacteriophages and animal viruses do NOT differ significantly in which one of the following steps?

The definition of lysogeny is

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Lysogeny can result in all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following would be the first step in biosynthesis of a virus with a - (minus) strand of RNA?

An envelope is acquired during which of the following steps?

A viruss ability to infect an animal cell depends primarily upon the

Assume you have isolated an unknown virus. This virus has a single, positive sense strand of RNA, and possesses an envelope. To which group does it most likely belong?

The mechanism whereby an enveloped virus leaves a host cell is called

Bacteriophages derive all of the following from the host cell EXCEPT

Bacteriophage replication differs from animal virus replication because only bacteriophage replication involves

Generally, in an infection caused by a DNA-containing virus, the host animal cell supplies all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following places these items in the correct order for DNA-virus replication? 1. Maturation 2. DNA synthesis 3. Transcription 4. Translation

The following steps occur during multiplication of herpesviruses. Which is the third step?

The following steps occur during multiplication of retroviruses. Which is the fourth step?

Which one of the following steps does NOT occur during multiplication of a picornavirus?

Most RNA viruses carry which of the following enzymes?

The basic mechanism of viral multiplication is similar for all viruses.

The most conclusive evidence that viruses cause cancers is provided by

Oncogenic viruses

An example of a latent viral infection is

A lytic virus has infected a patient. Which of the following would best describe what is happening inside the patient?

Some viruses, such as human herpesvirus 1, infect a cell without causing symptoms. These are called

A persistent infection is one in which

Which of the following prion diseases is found in deer and elk?

Which of the following prion diseases was also known as laughing disease?

Which of the following conditions in humans is linked to bovine spongiform encephalopathy?

What part of the nervous system is most affected by fatal familial insomnia?

Where does the name "scrapie" come from?

Which of the following is necessary for replication of a prion?

An infectious protein is a

A viroid is a(n)

Which of the following statements concerning pathology, infection, and disease is true?

Which of the following is an example of the symbiotic relationship known as mutualism?

Koch's postulates established criteria for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria given by Koch's postulates?

Which of the following is classified as a latent disease?

Which of the following is a fungal zoonosis that can be transmitted by direct contact?

Which of the following would be an example of disease transmission via INDIRECT contact?

The following choices list several types of diseases, along with factors that may contribute to their emergence. Which disease and associated factor do NOT match?

As a health care worker, I am keenly aware of how important it is to avoid harming my patients. I worry about inadvertently transmitting an infectious disease to an already compromised individual. According to the CDC, what is the MOST important thing I can do to avoid this?

Which of the following statements about the development of infectious diseases is correct?

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection with a protozoan. In certain tropical regions, malaria is constantly present. We would say that malaria is a(n) _________ disease in these regions.

One effect of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. This can result in

During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. The etiologic agent of the disease in the situation is

A commensal bacterium

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota

Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism?

The yeast Candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of

The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that

Koch observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. What is this condition called?

Which of the following is NOT a verified exception in the use of Kochs postulates?

Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT?

Focal infections initially start out as

The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can directly attributed to

Which of the following is NOT a communicable diseases?

Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms

Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT?

A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease?

In which of the following diseases can gender be considered a viable predisposing factor?

In which of the following patterns of disease does the patient experience no signs or symptoms?

If a prodromal period exists for a certain disease, it should occur prior to

Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection?

Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission

Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection?

Which of the following is a fomite?

Which of the following statements about biological transmission is FALSE?

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of which form of disease transmission?

A needlestick is an example of

During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. the situation is an example of

During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. The method of transmission of the disease in the situation was

Which one of the following is NOT a zoonosis?

A nosocomial infection is

Which one of the following does NOT contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections?

Which of the following statements about nosocomial infections is FALSE?

Which of the following can contribute to postoperative infections?

Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases?

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called

A researcher has performed a prospective study on the disease tetanus. To which specific kind of epidemiological study is this referring?

The CDC is located in

In mice, the LD50 for staphylococcal enterotoxin is 1350 ng/kg, and the LD50 for Shiga toxin is 250 ng/kg. Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following would be an example of an infection initiated via the parenteral route?

Which statement regarding endotoxins is true?

Which type of bacterial enzyme helps spread Streptococcus pyogenes by digesting blood clots?

In which of the following cases would the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay be used?

Which of the following statements about adherence is true?

Which of the following toxins and does NOT match the description?

Which disease would be potentially propagated in an environment without functional plumbing and in which drinking water is contaminated with sewage?

Which of the following statements about lysogenic conversion is true?

Which of the following is NOT a cytopathic effect (CPE) of viruses?

The most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens is the

The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and evade destruction by the hosts antibodies is called

Most pathogens that gain access through the skin

All of the following contribute to a pathogens invasiveness EXCEPT

The ID50 is

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which of the following is NOT a membrane-disrupting toxin?

Which of the following statements about exotoxins is generally FALSE?

Endotoxins are

Cytopathic effects are changes in host cells due to

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the symptoms of a fungal disease?

All of the following are methods of avoiding host antibodies EXCEPT

Siderophores are bacterial proteins that compete with the host's

The fimbriae of Neisseria gonorrhea and enteropathogenic E. coli are examples of

All of the following are examples of entry via the parenteral route EXCEPT

Superantigens produce intense immune responses by stimulating lymphocytes to produce

Botulism is caused by ingestion of a proteinaceous exotoxin; therefore, it can easily be prevented by

All of the following organisms produce exotoxins EXCEPT

Which of the following cytopathic effects is cytocidal?

All of the following are used by bacteria to attach to host cells EXCEPT

Symptoms of protozoan and helminthic diseases are due to

Which of the following statements about staphylococcal enterotoxin is FALSE?

Which of the following contributes to the virulence of a pathogen?

Lysogenic bacteriophages contribute to bacterial virulence because bacteriophages

Twenty-five people developed symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea three to six hours after attending a church picnic where they ate a ham and green bean casserole with cream sauce. The most likely cause of this case of food intoxication is

Which of the following statements about M protein is FALSE?

Symptoms of intense inflammation and shock occur in some gram-positive bacterial infections due to

Which of the following is an example of direct damage due to bacterial infection?

Polio is transmitted by ingestion of water contaminated with feces containing polio virus. What portal of entry does polio virus use?

All of the following bacteria release endotoxin EXCEPT

Cholera toxin polypeptide A binds to surface gangliosides on target cells. If the gangliosides were removed,

Bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella produce invasins that bind host cells, thus causing the cells to

Which of the following mechanisms is used by gram-negative bacteria to cross the blood-brain barrier?

Injectable drugs are tested for endotoxins by

Endotoxins in sterile injectable drugs could cause

Gram-negative septic shock results from the following events. What is the second step?

Antibiotics can lead to septic shock if used to treat

Which of the following is NOT a cytopathic effect of viruses?

Bacteria that cause periodontal disease have adhesins for receptors on streptococci that colonize on teeth. This indicates that

Nonpathogenic Vibrio cholerae can acquire the cholera toxin gene by

In response to the presence of endotoxin, phagocytes secrete tumor necrosis factor. This causes

Patients developed inflammation a few hours following eye surgery. Instruments and solutions were sterile, and the Limulus assay was positive. The patients inflammation was due to

If one is examining a blood smear from a patient with a parasitic worm infection, which of the following leukocytes would be found in increased numbers (as opposed to a blood smear from a normal patient NOT infected with worms)?

Which of the following is an event that ultimately results in activation of complement C3 by splitting it into C3a and C3b?

Which of the following are best described as short chains of amino acids that are very stable and can have a variety of different antimicrobial activities, such as forming pores in bacterial plasma membranes and inhibiting cell wall synthesis?

________________ is/are always present in an individual's blood. However, in the absence of infection, it is in an inactive form.

You note that the body temperature of one of your patients is starting to increase. As a result, you can infer that all of the following may be occurring in this patient EXCEPT __________.

Which statement regarding the lymphatic system is true?

Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true?

Which of the following statements concerning phagocytosis is true?

Innate immunity

All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT

The function of the "ciliary escalator" is to

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?

TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT

A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT

The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway beginning with the activation of

All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT

A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?

Margination refers to

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Which of the following is found normally in serum?

Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT

Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?

Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT

Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT

The antimicrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT

The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid

Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE?

Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT

All of the following are affects of histamine EXCEPT

All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT

A chill is a sign that

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Which of the following is mismatched?

All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT

The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by

The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by

Activation of C3a results in

Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT

Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to

After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT

Activation of C5-C9 results in

All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT

Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?

Macrophages arise from which of the following?

All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it

All of the following are iron-binding proteins found in humans EXCEPT

All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?

The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by

All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT

Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of the following would be the MOST severe?

Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE?

Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial

Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?

Aspirin alleviates pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins.

Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability.