Chapter 15 Quizlet

The first and second lines of defense against microbial invasion are part of innate immunity. adaptive immunity. species resistance. microbial antagonism. both species resistance and adaptive immunity.

A response that is uniquely directed against pathogenic Bordetella pertussis would involve what component? The complement system Skin barrier Inflammation Antibodies

First line defenses have what aspect in common with each other? A) They recognize specific pathogens. B) They are physical barriers against invading pathogens. C) They involve unique cells that attack invading pathogens. D) They involve the production of antibodies.

Both the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system work to prevent disease. penetration by invading pathogens. colonization by pathogens. the penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause.

If a new bacterial pathogen entered a human body through an accidental needle stick, the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen would likely be an antibody-producing cell. a cytotoxic T cell. a phagocyte.

Which of the following are phagocytic cells found in the epidermis? neutrophils natural killer lymphocytes dendritic cells microglia wandering macrophages

Sweat glands produce (lysozyme/dermcidin/acid), which destroys the cell wall of bacteria by cleaving the bonds between the sugar subunits present in the wall.

The oily substance that lowers the pH of the skin's surface to about pH 5 and is inhibitory to many bacteria is (sebum/sweat/serum).

Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders? The mucus is a physical trap that contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals. The mucus contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals and molecules. The mucus secreted by the mucous membrane physically traps microbes. Both the mucus and the outer layer of cells are shed frequently. The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.

The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to triggering inflammation. attracting phagocytes to sites of infection. triggering inflammation and release of interferons. triggering release of interferons. both triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen of humans. After being ingested by a macrophage, it prevents formation of the ___________ by preventing fusion of the phagosome with the ___________________. phagolysosome, lysosome lysosome, opsonins lysosome, phagolysosome opsonins, lysosome

In which intracellular compartment would you expect most of the digestive enzymes involved in pathogen destruction to be found? macrophage lysosome phagosome phagocytosis

In macrophages and dendritic cells (so-called antigen-presenting cells) some small parts of the phagocytosed particle are presented to other cells of the immune system. If you were to draw an arrow leading to "antigen presentation" as described above, from which word would it extend? ingestion adherence exocytosis digestion

An inflammatory response would result from which of the following? Jellyfish sting Vomiting A headache

If a person turns their ankle, how would one determine if damage to the tissue in the ankle has occurred? The ankle is red, swollen, and warm to the touch. The ankle swells. The ankle is red. The ankle is very warm to the touch.

What is the function of inflammation in response to a burn from a hot iron? To limit the effects of the agent on the rest of the body To destroy the agent causing injury, to limit the effects of the agent on the rest of the body, and to repair the damaged tissue To destroy the agent causing injury To repair the damaged tissue

What direct effect do histamines and leukotrienes have on capillaries? They decrease the diameter of capillaries. They allow capillary walls to open and become leaky. They prevent phagocytes from sticking to the walls of capillaries.

Diapedesis is the attachment of phagocytes to the walls of capillaries. the production and release of chemicals during inflammation. the migration of phagocytes through blood vessels to the site of tissue damage. the increase in the diameter of blood vessels.

Why is vasodilation important to tissue repair? It allows for an increased delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and phagocytes to the site of damage. It allows more phagocytes to travel to the site of damage. It allows more nutrients to be delivered to the site of damage. It allows for an increase in oxygen to the site of damage.

Pus is comprised of excess fluid from leaky blood vessels. unused histamines and leukotrienes. collected cells from damaged tissue. dead phagocytes.

Which of the following can release histamines? Cells from damaged tissues The complement system Invading bacterial cells Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway Wood from a splinter

What does the plasma membrane of a phagocyte attach to on a microorganism? Pseudopods Lysosomes Phagosomes Glycoproteins

The process by which a phagocyte moves toward a chemical signal at the site of an infection is called digestion. adherence. chemotaxis. elimination. exocytosis.

Which of the following phagocytic processes occurs last in the sequence? Adherence Exocytosis Formation of the phagolysosome Chemotaxis of the phagocyte to the site of infection

Due to the action of tears, potential pathogens of the eyes and its membranes usually end up where? the lungs the skin the bloodstream the stomach

What will happen if an animal raised in an axenic environment is exposed to a pathogenic microbe later in life? The animal's immune system will produce an excessive response to the pathogen. The animal's second line of defense will respond normally, but the first line of defense will be compromised. The animal will exhibit a very poor immune response to the pathogen. The animal's immune system will respond normally to the pathogen.

Which of the following areas of the body have mucous membranes? mouth, nasal cavity, and urinary system mouth and nasal cavity urinary system nasal cavity mouth

Which of the following statements regarding the surface of the skin is false? It has normal microbiota. It has sebum as a coating. It has goblet cells. It is salty. It is acidic.

Which of the following is the best definition of "microbial antagonism"? the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body the presence of pathogens on the surface of the skin, which will invade the body through abrasions the ability of microbiota to mutate into pathogens the presence of resident bacteria on the surface of the body and in cavities that connect to the surface the presence of normal microbiota that can become pathogens under certain conditions

Which of the following characteristics is shared by the skin and mucous membranes? Sebum may be present. The outer layers are composed of dead cells. They both have cilia. They are both constantly shedding and replacing cells. Lysozymes are always present.

Which cell becomes a macrophage when leaving the bloodstream? neutrophil lymphocyte eosinophil monocyte basophil

Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled-off site of infection that contains a fluid made of dead and dying tissue cells, leukocytes, and pathogens? a boil a tumor a pustule a pimple an abscess

A microbiologist has isolated a bacterium from the skin and wishes to determine whether it might be a member of the normal microbiota. Which of the following would NOT be evidence for such a conclusion? The bacterium is resistant to lysozyme. The bacterium is an acidophile. The bacterium produces a number of virulence factors. The bacterium is extremely salt tolerant.

One of your first ideas is to look at probiotics to enhance the host's normal microbiota. The use of probiotics to stimulate the normal intestinal microbiota and promote general health has gained increasing popularity in recent years. There are several ways in which our normal microbiota protects us from infection. Which of the mechanisms below is not a protective mechanism of our normal microbiota? Which statement about protective mechanisms employed by normal microbiota is false? Normal microbiota alter the pH of their environment. Normal microbiota directly kill invading organisms. Normal microbiota stimulate the second line of defense. Normal microbiota consume nutrients.

Chronological order of the events in phagocytosis

The complement cascade involves a series of proteins that circulate in the blood. There are three pathways that lead to activation of the complement cascade--classical, alternative, and lectin. Your goal is to enhance the immediate response to bacterial infection. With this goal in mind, why might you choose to target the lectin or alternative pathways rather than the classical? Choose the statement that best describes why the lectin or alternative pathway would stimulate a more immediate response than the classical pathway. Both pathways lead to the formation of more membrane attack complexes compared to the classical pathway. There are fewer events that lead to the activation of the alternative and lectin pathways. Neither pathway relies on antibodies. The lectin and alternate pathways don't stimulate a strong inflammatory response compared to the classical pathway.

Targeting inflammation as an infection control mechanism is a double-edged sword. On one side, inflammation evolved to help eliminate and/or contain pathogens. On the other, too great of an inflammatory response will lead to tissue destruction and lasting damage. You decide to focus on the process of margination during inflammation. Predict the most likely outcome of enhancing margination. Choose the statement that is the most likely outcome of enhanced margination. enhanced tissue repair enhanced phagocytosis increased blood flow to the area of infection increased vessel permeability