Mastering 14.1

25 July 2022
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Multiple Choice Question 14.15 Part A One effect of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. This can result in increased susceptibility to disease. body odor. fewer diseases. no bacterial growth because washing removes their food source. normal microbiota returning immediately.
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increased susceptibility to disease.
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Multiple Choice Question 14.37 Part A During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever 39ยฐC lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. Coxiella burnetii. sheep. soil. pneumonia. wind.
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Coxiella burnetii. Extra: Etiology is the study of causation, or origination. The word is derived from the Greek ??????????, aitiologia, "giving a reason for".
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Multiple Choice Question 14.1 Part A A commensal bacterium does not receive any benefit from its host. is beneficial to its host. may also be an opportunistic pathogen. does not infect its host. is beneficial to, and does not infect, its host.
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may also be an opportunistic pathogen.
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Multiple Choice Question 14.2 Part A Which of the following statements is TRUE? At least one member must not benefit in a symbiotic relationship. A parasite is not in symbiosis with its host. Members of a symbiotic relationship cannot live without each other. At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship. Symbiosis refers to different organisms living together and benefiting from each other.
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At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship.
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Multiple Choice Question 14.13 Part A Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota are present for a relatively short time. never cause disease. cause diseases. are always acquired by direct contact. are found in a certain location on the host.
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are present for a relatively short time.
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Multiple Choice Question 14.39 Part A Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism? bacteria occupying host receptors bacteria causing disease acid production by bacteria bacteria competing for nutrients bacteriocin production
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bacteria causing disease
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Multiple Choice Question 14.40 Part A The yeast Candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of ______. parasitic bacteria the normal microbiota other fungi the transient microbiota
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the normal microbiota
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Multiple Choice Question 14.4 Part A The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that: microorganisms are present in a diseased animal. microorganisms cause disease. microorganisms are the result of disease. microorganisms can be cultured. diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another.
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microorganisms cause disease.
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Multiple Choice Question 14.5 Part A Which of the following is NOT a verified exception in the use of Kochs postulates? Some diseases have poorly defined etiologies. Some diseases are noncommunicable. Some human diseases have no other known animal host. Some diseases are not caused by microbes. Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions.
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Some diseases are noncommunicable.
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Multiple Choice Question 14.11 Part A Koch observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. What is this condition called? bacteremia septicemia systemic infection local infection focal infection
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septicemia
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Multiple Choice Question 14.8 Part A Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT? pandemic: a disease that affects a large number of people in the world in a short time incidence: number of new cases of a disease endemic: a disease that is constantly present in a population sporadic: a disease that affects a population occasionally epidemic: a disease that is endemic across the world
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epidemic: a disease that is endemic across the world
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Multiple Choice Question 14.9 Part A Focal infections initially start out as: sepsis. local infections. bacteremia. systemic infections. septicemia.
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local infections.
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Multiple Choice Question 14.10 Part A The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can directly attributed to vaccinations. improved handwashing. increased use of antibiotics. None of the answers is correct. antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.
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vaccinations.
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Multiple Choice Question 14.17 Part A Which of the following is NOT a communicable diseases? tuberculosis typhoid fever tetanus AIDS malaria
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tetanus
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Multiple Choice Question 14.20 Part A Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT? primary infection: an initial illness chronic: a disease that develops slowly and lasts for months inapparent: infection characteristic of a carrier state acute: a short-lasting primary infection secondary infection: a long-lasting illness
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secondary infection: a long-lasting illness
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Multiple Choice Question 14.21 Part A Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms are changes observed by the physician. are specific for a particular disease. are changes felt by the patient. always occur as part of a syndrome. None of the answers is correct.
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are changes felt by the patient.
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Multiple Choice Question 14.23 Part A Figure 14.1 shows the incidence of influenza during a typical year. Which letter on the graph indicates the endemic level? a b c d The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
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D Constant (dotted line along bottom)
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In Figure 14.2, when is the prevalence the highest?

A) January

B) July

C) March

D) February

E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
In Figure 14.2, when is the prevalence the highest? A) January B) July C) March D) February E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
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D) February
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Multiple Choice Question 14.44 Part A The graph in the figure shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates a(n) epidemic level. sporadic infection. communicable disease. endemic level. pandemic.
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Epidemic Level
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Multiple Choice Question 14.31 Part A A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as subacute. zoonotic. subclinical. acute. latent.
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latent.
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Multiple Choice Question 14.33 Part A Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease? climate occupation None of the answers are correct; all of these are predisposing factors of disease. lifestyle genetic background
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None of the answers are correct; all of these are predisposing factors of disease.
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Multiple Choice Question 14.34 Part A In which of the following diseases can gender be considered a viable predisposing factor? anthrax urinary tract infections pneumonia tetanus salmonellosis
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urinary tract infections
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Multiple Choice Question 14.35 Part A In which of the following patterns of disease does the patient experience no signs or symptoms? prodromal decline convalescence incubation incubation and convalescence
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incubation and convalescence
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Multiple Choice Question 14.41 Part A If a prodromal period exists for a certain disease, it should occur prior to convalescence. decline. incubation. illness.
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illness.
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Koch's Postulates: Understanding Disease - Foundation Figure 14.3 Part C - Understanding Koch's Postulates Student will identify Koch's postulates for determining the etiology of infectious diseases. Which of statements best describe Koch's postulates? Select all that apply. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. The microscopic properties of pathogens isolated from the original (diseased) and inoculated (also, diseased) animals should differ significantly.
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The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
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Part D - Applying Koch's Postulates A rabbit was found to have Floppy Ear disease that causes long-ear infections, but its etiology (cause) is unknown. Unknown Microorganism X from the infected rabbit's right ear was successfully isolated and cultured on laboratory growth media. The ear of a healthy laboratory mouse was then inoculated with isolated microorganism, and after a period of time, no disease is observed. Which of the following statements BEST describe the conclusion(s) that can be drawn from this experiment? Select all that apply: Healthy laboratory organisms rarely show signs and symptoms of infection and disease. Microorganism X modified its cell wall structure while being cultured, and is no longer infectious to rabbits. Microorganism X might not be linked to Floppy Ear disease, since the inoculated mouse remained healthy. It is not possible to isolate and culture Microorganism X in the laboratory, since this microbe is found in nature. A laboratory mouse might not be an appropriate, susceptible host; an experiment with a laboratory rabbit may be needed. Microorganism X is the etiologic agent for Floppy Ear disease since it caused infection in the diseased rabbit.
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-Microorganism X might not be linked to Floppy Ear disease, since the inoculated mouse remained healthy. - A laboratory mouse might not be an appropriate, susceptible host; an experiment with a laboratory rabbit may be needed. Correct You have correctly identified two conclusions that can be drawn from this experiment. Koch's postulates state that the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host, grown in pure culture, cause disease in a healthy laboratory animal, and the re-isolated microorganism be the same as original pathogen. In this scenario, the suspected pathogen did not meet all of Koch's postulates, since the laboratory mouse did not show signs of infection.
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Part E - Limitations to Koch's Postulates BENEFIT -the steps are designed to systematically link a pathogen to a specific infectious disease -laboratory findings provide experimental evidence that support the germ theory of disease -healthy susceptible animals can be used as model organisms when testing many types of infections, thus avoiding the unethical inoculation of healthy human hosts. LIMITATION -some infectious agents have specific growth requirements that prevent it from being artificially cultured in the lab -some pathogens cause several different diseases, which makes it difficult to link one pathogen to one disease using Koch's postulates -different pathogens can produces the same signs and symptoms, making it difficult to determine whic microorganism is causing a disease
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BENEFIT -the steps are designed to systematically link a pathogen to a specific infectious disease -laboratory findings provide experimental evidence that support the germ theory of disease -healthy susceptible animals can be used as model organisms when testing many types of infections, thus avoiding the unethical inoculation of healthy human hosts. LIMITATION -some infectious agents have specific growth requirements that prevent it from being artificially cultured in the lab -some pathogens cause several different diseases, which makes it difficult to link one pathogen to one disease using Koch's postulates -different pathogens can produces the same signs and symptoms, making it difficult to determine whic microorganism is causing a disease
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Chapter 14 - Reading Questions - Question 1 Part A Which of the following statements concerning pathology, infection, and disease is true? Microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota of an individual never cause disease. The majority of microorganisms are pathogenic. Pathology refers to the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease. The term infection is synonymous with the term disease.
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Pathology refers to the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease.
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Chapter 14 - Reading Questions - Question 3 Part A Which of the following is an example of the symbiotic relationship known as mutualism? E. coli within the large intestine saprophytic Mycobacterium of the ear a tapeworm in the gastrointestinal tract of a human Corynebacterium on the surface of the eye
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E. coli within the large intestine
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Chapter 14 - Reading Questions - Question 4 Part A Koch's postulates established criteria for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria given by Koch's postulates? The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. The pathogen isolated from a pure culture must cause the disease in a healthy lab animal. The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
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The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism.
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Chapter 14 - Reading Questions - Question 5 Part A Which of the following is classified as a latent disease? tuberculosis infectious mononucleosis influenza shingles
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shingles
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Chapter 14 - Reading Questions - Question 8 Part A Which of the following statements about the development of infectious diseases is correct? The period of decline is the time when the infected individual's health rapidly deteriorates. The period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers (back to the pre-disease state). During the incubation period, the infected individual exhibits obvious signs of sickness. The prodromal period is characterized by very severe symptoms.
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The period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers (back to the pre-disease state).
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Chapter 14 - Reading Questions - Question 9 Part A Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection with a protozoan. In certain tropical regions, malaria is constantly present. We would say that malaria is a(n) _________ disease in these regions. endemic epidemic sporadic pandemic
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endemic
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True/False Question 14.51 Part A Compromised hosts are always suffering from suppressed immune systems. True False
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False
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True/False Question 14.52 Part A A host is not considered diseased until an infection changes ones state of health. True False
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True
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True/False Question 14.55 Part A Both normal and transient flora can become opportunistic pathogens. True False
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True