Micro Quiz Ch 14

Part A Certain traits that allow pathogens to create infection and cause disease are termed a) virulence factors. b) streptokinases. c) hyaluronidases. d) collagenases.

Part B Which of the following enzymes breaks down the "glue" that holds cells together? a) Fibrinolysin b) Streptokinase c) Collagenase d) Hyaluronidase

Part C Which of the following virulence factors would be found in Staphylococcus aureus? a) Streptokinase b) Hyaluronidase c) Collagenase d) Staphylokinase

Part D How do fibrinolysins enhance a pathogen's virulence? a) They destroy the fibers that are found at the base of superficial tissues, allowing for deeper penetration by the pathogen. b) They break down fibrin proteins that are involved in clot formation, allowing the cells to penetrate deep into damaged skin. c) They destroy the molecules that hold cells together

Part A Endotoxins are also known as a) interleukin-1. b) prostaglandins. c) cytokines. d) Lipid A

Part B When would endotoxins be released from a bacterial cell? a) When the cell moves toward a energy source b) When the cell dies c) During bacterial conjugation d) When the cell attaches to a host cell in the human body

Part C Which of the following would be the first sign of an infection that resulted in the release of endotoxin? a) Nausea b) Pain c) Weakness d) Fever

Part D Why is a release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly? a) Endotoxin can quickly enter the brain from the bloodstream, causing brain damage. b) It can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock. c) It causes necrosis of the liver. d) It results in dehydration of the patient.

Part A A patient acquires an infection by touching a contaminated door handle. Which mode of transmission best describes this scenario? a) indirect contact transmission b) direct contact transmission c) droplet transmission d) vehicle transmission

Part B A dog develops a diarrheal disease after drinking water from a creek during a hike with his owner. Which of the following best describes this method of disease transmission? a) contact transmission b) vehicle transmission c) vector transmission d) There is not enough information to determine the mode of transmission

Part C Plague is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea. Which of the following best describes this mode of transmission? a) indirect contact transmission b) vector transmission c) direct contact transmission d) vehicle transmission

Identification of the index case is an important part of which of the following types of epidemiology? a) analytical and experimental epidemiology b) descriptive epidemiology c) experimental epidemiology d) experimental and descriptive epidemiology

A patient's immune system is typically fully responsive during which of the following stages of disease? a) decline b) incubation period c) illness d) prodromal period

Part A Epidemiology is defined as the study of a) where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted. b) where a disease occurs. c) how a disease is transmitted. d) when a disease occurs

Part B What is the role of epidemiology? a) To learn what diseases can be caused by respiratory pathogens. b) To learn which organisms cause disease. c) To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases. d) To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens

All of the following might lead to a disease caused by an opportunistic pathogen EXCEPT: a) an encounter with an infected animal. b) immune suppression. c) changes in diet. d) hormonal changes

Which of the following is NOT a reason why bacterial capsules are effective in the inhibition of phagocytosis? a) They make it difficult for phagocytes to surround and grip the bacterial cell. b) They are ineffective at stimulating the host's immune response. c) They are usually made of chemicals normally found in the body. d) They contain chemicals that are lethal to phagocytes

Part A According to the animation, surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections? a) 20% b) 15% c) 40% d) 8% e) 11%

Part B What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations? a) Cutaneous b) Surgical c) Bacteremia d) Urinary tract e) Lower respiratory

Part C How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic? a) Health care workers being treated with antibiotics may pass the antibiotic on to the patient. b) Visitors currently being treated with antibiotics can pass them on to the patient. c) Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment

Part D Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections? a) These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient. b) Invasive procedures must use antibiotics. c) Invasive procedures require long term hospital stays, thereby increasing the number of visitors seen by the patient. d) These procedures are carried out by health care workers, who carry resistant microbes

Part E How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections? a) Practice more stringent aseptic techniques b) Administer all medications orally instead of through injections c) Reduce the number of times they visit a patient d) Limit the number of visitors who can see the patient

In the early years of microbiology, scientists often removed disease material from one patient and introduced it into other individuals in an effort to understand what caused the disease. According to Koch's postulates, what was the major flaw in their experimental process? a) They did not use experimental animals. b) They did not reisolate the suspected infectious agent from the individuals receiving the infectious material. c) They did not demonstrate the presence of the suspected infectious agent in every case of the disease. d) They did not isolate pure cultures of the suspected infectious agent.

An epidemiologist collects drinking glasses, tissues, and bedsheets from the apartment of an individual infected with a particular disease. Which of the following modes of transmission is being investigated for this disease? a) vector transmission b) direct contact transmission c) indirect contact transmission d) vehicle transmission

Part A Expected prevalence of a disease is a) the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations. b) the total number of cases of a disease over a period of time. c) the anticipated geographical spread of a disease based on past observances. d) the number of new cases of a disease over a period of time.

Part B In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America? a) Only a few cases are occurring in this region. b) The disease occurs at a lower rate than what would normally be expected in this region. c) The disease has spread to North America from Europe. d) The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region

Part C In the last segment of the animation, how many regions of the world experience the pandemic during April of year four? a) Four b) Two c) Six d) Five

Part D In the last segment of the animation, when does the first epidemic occur? a) January of year four b) January of year three c) March of year two d) September of year three e) April of year four

Part E If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be a) sporadic. b) pandemic. c) endemic. d) epidemic

The typical relationship between the resident microbiota and the transient microbiota is which of the following? a) parasitism b) antagonism c) commensalism d) mutualism

Part A The health of the patient a) is secondary to the health of the healthcare worker. b) is secondary to the health of co-workers in healthcare settings. c) should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker

Part B How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections? a) They should prescribe as many antibiotics as possible. b) They should only operate on healthy individuals. c) They should prescribe immunosuppressive drugs to their patients. d) They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary

Part C If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions, a) they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker. b) they should immediately wash their hands. c) they should leave the healthcare facility immediately

Part D Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections? a) Inexpensive b) Washable c) Single-use d) Long e) Reusable

Part E Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing? a) Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction. b) Hand washing should be done frequently by patients. c) Hand washing should be done before and after patient interaction. d) Hand washing should be done frequently by healthcare workers

Part A Which of the following features of Salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed? a) Flagella b) Fimbriae c) Invasins

Part B Where do Salmonella pathogens grow and replicate in the infected host? a) Inside Shigella cells b) Inside M cells c) Inside phagocytes d) Inside intestinal epithelial cells

Part C Where is the site of Shigella attachment in the host? a) Phagocytes b) Intestinal epithelial cells c) M cells d) Leukocytes

Part D How do Shigella cells move between host cells? a) They are secreted directly into the epithelial cells from the M cells. b) They lyse the M cell, releasing thousands of new cells to infect other host cells. c) They are secreted by phagocytes. d) They can polymerize actin molecules from the epithelial cells into tail-like structures that propel them from one cell to another

Part E What is the etiologic agent of typhoid? a) Shigella b) Salmonella c) E. coli