Micro Chapters 14/15/16/17

Washing hands regularly with antibacterial agents removes normal microbiota, which may result in

commensal bacterium

transient microbiota

normal microbiota (flora)

The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that

Candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of

sporadic

incidence

pandemic

endemic

epidemic

Focal infections initially start out as

communicable disease

noncommunicable disease

acute disease

chronic disease

subclinical infection

symptoms

signs

syndrome

predisposing factors

Which of the following diseases can gender be considered a viable predisposing factor?

Pattern of disease that the patient experience NO signs or symptoms.

Spread by a droplet infection

reservoirs of infection

fomite

aerosol

vehicle

vectors

zoonosis

Surgical infections account for what number of nosocomial infections?

What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from inrtavenous catheterizations?

Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?

nosocomial infection

Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct f a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of

Contributers to the emergence of infectious diseases.

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than 1 meter, it is considered

Considered a major category of transmission of disease...

Example of vehicle disease transmission...

The CDC is located in

Fungal zoonosis that can be transmitted by direct contact...

Example of mutualism...

Which of these statements about exotoxins is FALSE?

Koch's postulates established criteria for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria given by Koch's postulates.

Which of the following is classified as a latent disease

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection with the protozoan. In certain tropical regions malaria is constantly present. We would say that malaria is a _______ disease in these regions.

MMWR is a publication by the CDC that reports on only emerging diseases.

A host is not considered diseased until an infection changes one state of health

Reservoirs of infections are always animate objects

Urinary tract infections are the most common forms of nosocomial infections

Both normal and transient flora can become opportunistic pathogens

Endotoxins are also known as

When would endotoxins be released from a bacterial cell?

Which of the following would be the first sign of an infection that resulted in the release of endotoxin?

Why is a release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly?

Which of the following features is Salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed?

Where do Salmonella pathogens grow and replicate in the infected host?

Where is the site of Shigella attachment in the host?

How do Shigella cells move between host cells?

What is the etiologic agent of typhoid?

A exotoxin that has the ability to kill or damaged host cells is referred to as a

Which domain of the A-B toxin binds to cell surface receptors on the host cell

How are superantigens different from other types of exotoxins

A person who attended a picnic earlier in the day develops a very high fever and is unresponsive by the evening, this person most likely has been exposed to a

A patient who has been hospitalized with uncontrolled muscle spasms has probably been infected with bacteria that secrete a

How are immune cells able to detect foreign pathogens

How does a capsule help certain bacteria evade detection by the immune system

Which of the following microorganisms actually grows inside the macrophage

Leukocidins

How do superantigens enable pathogens to hide from the immune system if they actually stimulate the immune system

How do capsules enable bacteria to evade the immune system

Certain traits that allow pathogens to create infection and cause diseases are termed

Which of the following enzymes breaks down the glue that holds cells together

Antibiotics can lead to septic shock if used to treat

ID50

Endotoxins

A-B toxin

Cytopathic effects are changes in host cells due to

All of the following are used by bacteria to attach to host cells

The most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens is the

Adherence

The Limulus amoebocyte assay is used to detect minute amounts of endotoxin in drugs and medical devices

Cytopathic effects, such as inclusion bodies and syncytium formation, are the visible signs of viral infections

Ergot and aflatoxin are toxins sometimes found in grains contaminated with fungi

Infections with some viruses may induce chromosomal changes that alter the growth properties of host cells

Most symptoms of endotoxins can be treated with administration of anti-endotoxin antibodies

The fimbriae of Neisseria gonorrhea and enteropathogenic E. coli are examples of

Transit microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transit microbiota

Epidemiology

Lysogenic bacteriophages contribute to bacterial virulence because bacteriophages

Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease

Diseases that are referred to as EIDs have only been discovered in the past 50 yrs.

Antibiotics can kill gram (-) bacteria, but symptoms of fever and low blood pressure can persist because of exotoxins

Compromised hosts are suffering from suppressed or weak immune systems

The M protein enhances the virulence of Streptococcus by preventing phagocytosis.

LD50

Invasins

Siderophores

Exotoxins

Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?

keratin and tightly packed cells

very acidic pH

lysozyme

cerumen and sebum

Normal microbiota (lora) provide protection from infection in each of the following ways except

If a patient has been exposed to an antigen for the first time, which class of immunoglobulin appears first?

The function of the ciliary escalator is to

The immune system these as chemical messengers for communication

Which of the following is found in normal serum?

Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is false?

Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of actin in that they both cause damage to the bacterial

How many classes of antibodies are there?

Innate immunity

All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection except

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?

A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following except

Which of the following terms is mismatched?

pus

diapedesis

Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability.

Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease.

Maturation of stem cells into mature blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow.

Only dendritic cells produce interleukins.

Antibodies are found in the gamma fraction of serum.

Interleukins are a type of cytokine.

apoptosis

TH (helper - CD4)

plasma (B cell)

opsonization

Which of the following bacterial components would most likely result in B cell stimulation by T - independent antigens?

The presence of which of the following indicates a current infection rather than a previous infection or vaccination?

Which of the following destroys virus-infected cells?

antigen

The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is

Large antibodies that agglutinate antigens are

In addition to IgG, the antibodies that can fix complement are

The antibodies that can bind to large parasites are

The majority of the B cells surface immunoglobulins are

The antibodies found in mucus, saliva, and tears are

B cells are activated by

Cellular immunity

Pathology

Etiology

Pathogenesis

Infection

Disease

Virulence

Symbiosis

Commensalism

Mutualism

Parasitism