Ch. 13 Quiz (Personality)

Being highly imaginative is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of: a. extraversion b. neuroticism c. openness d. conscientiousness

The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most strongly emphasized in cultures characterized by: a. group identification b. the maturity principle c. individualism d. collectivism

Which of the following statements would most likely appear on a lie scale? a. "I constantly worry about my health." b. "Most people are willing to lie in order to get ahead." c. "I have never disliked anyone." d. "I am usually fairly happy."

Chen-ling values group goals and group solidarity more than individual recognition for her professional accomplishments. Her identity is based on her affiliation with her family. Chen-ling's values most closely coincide with: a. collectivism b. narcissism c. individualism d. personal privacy

Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of: a. personality traits b. unconscious motives c. genetic influences d. environmental influences

Gender identity refers to: a. the sense of being male, female, or a combination of the two b. the set of socially expected behaviors for males and females c. internalized ideals for appropriate sexual behavior d. our biological sex

Accepting ourselves without excessive dependence on the approval of others best illustrates: a. defensive self-esteem b. reciprocal determinism c. secure self-esteem d. self-serving bias

Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates: a. reaction formation b. regression c. denial d. projection

Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from a(n): a. oral fixation b. collective unconscious c. Electra complex d. inferiority complex

According to Freud, the unconscious is: a. a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past b. the part of personality that cannot process information c. a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that do not affect behavior d. the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are largely unaware

Freud referred to the largely conscious "executive" part of the personality as the: a. superego b. ego c. Oedipus complex d. id

Freud's concept of projection is most similar to what today's researchers call: a. priming b. the false consensus effect c. schemas d. an inferiority complex

When employees voice their ideas and challenge existing workplace norms, they are especially likely to receive a receptive hearing from employers with the trait of: a. neuroticism b. introversion c. narcissism d. extraversion

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the: a. superego b. ego c. erogenous zones d. id

A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of: a. social harmony b. personal privacy c. self-esteem d. self-image

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of: a. extraversion b. neuroticism c. conscioustiousness d. openness

The MMPI is an example of a(n): a. personality inventory b. self-efficacy test c. self-esteem test d. projective test

Social-cognitive theorists would suggest that the best way to predict a political candidate's performance effectiveness after election is to assess that individual's: a. specific political goals for the future b. general feelings of optimism about the future c. past performance in situations involving similar responsibilities d. self-esteem

Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of: a. reaction formation b. projection c. regression d. rationalization

According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage. a. phallic b. latency c. anal d. oral

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle. a. schema b. identity c. false consensus d. pleasure

Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it: a. is overly reliant upon observations derived from Freud's use of projective tests b. underestimates the importance of biological contributions to personality development c. offers few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity d. is contradicted by recent research demonstrating the human capacity for destructive behavior

Studies have correlated early trait scores with scores for the same traits seven years later. The weakest correlations were observed among: a. 30-year-olds b. 70-year-olds c. college students d. children

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our: a. situations b. temperaments c. self-concepts d. possible selves

Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of: a. conditioning b. collectivism c. the spotlight effect d. individualism

In an unfamiliar culture, the collectivist self is most likely to experience a greater loss of: a. personal identity b. reciprocal determinism c. group identification d. individualism

Features of the Big Five traits are common to people: a. from industrialized countries only b. from democratic cultures only c. from all human groups d. from individualist cultures only

The stability of personality traits is best illustrated by the consistency of: a. the self-serving bias b. the spotlight effect c. expressive styles d. factor analysis

Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of: a. motivational conflict b. repression c. fixation d. the Oedipus complex

The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is: a. denial b. displacement c. rationalization d. projection

Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by: a. Alfred Adler b. Sigmund Freud c. Karen Horney d. Carl Jung

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people: a. disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others b. consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses c. offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action d. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a more infantile stage of development

When Mr. Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was an older person. His sense of surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized by: a. (indi)vidualism b. collectivism c. extraversion d. introversion

When she was 4 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of: a. repression b. displacement c. regression d. rationalization

Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a: a. denial b. projection c. reaction formation d. regression

Which perspective most clearly emphasizes that our personalities help create the situations to which we react? a. the psychanalytic perspective b. the social-cognitive perspective c. the trait perspective d. the humanistic perspective

Those who score high on the Big Five trait of ________ tend to have a larger frontal lobe area that aids in planning and controlling behavior. a. extraversion b. agreeableness c. conscientiousness d.neuroticism

The major reason for criticism of the Rorschach test is that: a. no computer-aided tool has been designed to facilitate scoring of the test b. the test can be used effectively only with individuals who are severely maladjusted c. the test discourages individuals from communicating openly in clinical interviews d. only a few of the many Rorschach-derived scores have demonstrated validity