APUSH Exam Review 2021

Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with the natural environment in North America

The new crop that Europeans brought during the Columbian Exchange allowed for migrating Natives to learn how to farm/ nurture crops. in return Europeans received new crops to take back to the old world, the main one being maize. This supported economic development, advanced irrigation, and social diversity among societies.

Arid climates in the Great Basin/ grasslands led to developments of largely mobile lifestyles. They built big irrigation systems, and many tribes began sedentary farming in large permanent settlements.

Lifestyle in these areas were filled with societies developing mixed agriculture and hunter/gatherer economies that enjoyed the development of permanent societies.

They lived successfully through hunting and gathering, but also had some settled communities that used plentiful resources by the ocean

Explain the causes of the exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations

a. New sources of wealth: Exploited gold and silver, profit from agriculture b. Economic and military competition: permanent European civilizations, expand Spanish Empire c. desire to spread Christianity: Attempted to convert Natives to Christianity; priests, friars, and missionaries to spread influence of Catholic Church

Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effect on Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492

a. Maritime Technology: Advancements and organized tactics for conducting international trade led to change in economy for Europe to the Americas b. Joint-stock Companies: It was a corporation that involved many people combining wealth for a common purpose, which lead to global trade

a. New crops to Europe: Ex include maize, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, etc. and were beneficial in the Old World as new crops for European diets b. Epidemics: Diseases were brought by Europeans (who were immune) to the Americas during the exchange which killed a huge part of Native populations. Exs include smallpox, malaria, bubonic plague c. Introduction of new crops and livestock: Natives learned new farming techniques/ fertilization of soil for new crops like sugar and bananas

Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures overtime

The Encomienda System required Spanish Colonial economies to use Native American Labor to support plantation-based agriculture/ extract metals and other resources. The caste system defined the status of the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Natives

a. Major economic activities: Plantation-based agriculture, extracting precious metals b. Identify who did the labor in each economic activity: European traders utilized imported enslaved Africans for plantation agriculture/ mining

Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed overtime

a. Provide an ex of areas of disagreement between Europeans and Natives: Conflicts included conversion to Christianity, gender roles of women having power, land usage and power, soil b. provide an example of how Europeans disagree over treatment of Native Americans: European religious and political leaders debated treatment; for ex equality vs conquest/ power

Explain how and why various European colonies developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754

a. Location of Spanish colonies: Developed institutions based on native populations, conversion to Christianity, and incorporation of non-Europeans into Spanish Colonial society b. characteristics of Spanish colonial society: Very patriarchal, women occupied lower status, Spanish obtained top tier of pyramid above natives and africans

a. Location of Dutch colonies: Near Natives, New England, New Netherland b. characteristics of Dutch colonies: alliance with Natives to trade and allowed intermarriage to build economic/diplomatic relationship and get fur/ other products for exportation to Europe c. location of French colonies: Eastern N. America, Caribbean Islands, South America d. Characteristics of French colonies: developed to export fish, rice, sugars, furs

a. Location of English colonies: focused on agriculture lands and took from the Natives b. reasons for settling in America: British migrants both male and female wanted social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and better living conditions

Explain how and why environmental and other factors shaped the development and expansion of various British colonies that developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754

a. Chesapeake and North Carolina: Main economic activity= exporting tobacco labor-intensive products cultivated in environmental areas b. New England: developed small towns with family farms to achieve good mixed economy of agriculture/ commerce c. middle colonies: economy of cereal crops leading to many migrant and diverse culture w/ religious and cultural tolerance d. Southern Atlantic coast and British West Indies: plantation economies based on exporting staple crops in an culturally and religious autonomy

a. New England: led to self-governing institutions that were democratic; based power in participatory town meetings b. Souther colonies: Depended on slave labor of Africans used majority of population to develop own forms of cultural. religious autonomy

Explain causes and effects of transatlantic trade overtime

Europe---textiles, rum, manufactured goods--->Africa---slaves--->Americas---sugar and tobacco--->Europe

British gov increasingly tried to incorporate North American colonies into cohesive and hierarchal structure to pursue mercantilist economic desires

a. Metacoma's War(King Phillip's War): Conflict over cultural and population pressure, resulted in Native execution/ display of their heads to "deter" future conflict b. Pueblo Revolt: Native resistance to Spanish colonization in America, killed 400 Spaniards and resulted in Spanish leaving area

Explain the causes and effects of slavery in the various British colonial regions

Abundance of land and growing demand for colonial goods/ shortage of indentured servants led to need for slaves

a. New England: used relatively few enslaved laborers b. Port Cities: only significant minority of enslaved people c. Chesapeake, southern Atlantic coast, West Indies: had a large number of enslaved workers

Selling men, women, and children as commodities in open marketplaces

a. overt method: developed their won language, brought cooking techniques/recipes, rice farming b. covert methods: intermarriage, creating own culture, married over ethnic borders

Explain how and why the movement of a variety of people and ideas across the Atlantic contributed to the development of American culture overtime

The 1st Great Awakening contributed by presence of ethnic groups to degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange

It's ideals of liberty, equality, and justice helped create conditions for American Revolution/ the Constitution; lead to democracy

a. Intercolonial commercial ties: developed autonomous political communities based on English models w/ influence from them b. Emergence of a transatlantic print culture: pushed victorian print culture studies and claimed to rep the next frontier of material historical research c. spread of Protestant evangelicalism (great Awakening): reaction to Enlightenment priority of rationalism over emotionalism/ spirituality

Causes: low prices for tobacco, high taxes, increasing hostility towards Indians Effects: burned down Jamestown, wealthy planters shaken

Explain the causes and effects of the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War).

One cause was colonial rivalry between Britain and France as the population of British colonies expanded into interior of N. America which threatened French-Indian trade networks and American Indian Autonomy.

This consequentially resulted in colonist opposition generated by imperial officers attempt to prevent colonists moving Westward

Native groups sought to continue trading w Europeans and resist encroachment of colonists on tribal lands

Explain how British colonial policies regarding North America led to the Revolutionary War.

a. The Stamp Act of 1675: 1st internal tax for American colonists designed to tax all paper documents b.Townshend Revenue Acts: Indirect taxes on items such as paint, glass, lead, paper, and tea c. Tea Act: taxed all British tea more cheap in attempt to enact right for Parliament to tax without colonist permission

a. Boston Tea Party: dumped tea into harbor b. Dissenting leaflets, phamplets, and books

a. Benjamin Franklin: was editor of the Declaration of Independence, published multiple books/phamplets advocating for independence such as "join or die" cartoon b. laborers, artisans, women: political activism for them arose as popular movements that energized the effort for independence by advocating equality

Explain how and why colonial attitudes about government and the individual changed in the years leading up to the American Revolution.

Inspired American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege, and religion strengthened Americans' view of themselves as fortunate

a. Declaration of Independence: belief in superiority of republican form of gov based on the natural rights expressed in the doc b. Thomas Paine's Common Sense: resonated with the ideas of healing grievances against the British Empire to become a nation of prosperity

Explain how various factors contributed to the American victory in the Revolution.

a. colonial militia and Continental army: main source of manpower, trained to protect b. George Washington's military leadership: his ability to confidently control an army and people while infusing courage in everyone; advocated independence and was respected c. colonists ideological commitment and resilience: fought on own ground, supported ideals such as Republicanism d. Foreign assistance: assisted by European allies France, Spain, and Netherlands

Explain the various ways the American Revolution affected society.

a. slaves: survived the American revolution; not successful in abolishing trading of slaves b. increased democracy in state and fed Govs: republicanism became the major ideal, political participation inc, and more "commoners" in office c. women: ideal of "republican motherhood" gained popularity to teaching republican values in families that gave them importance in American political culture

Explain how different forms of government developed and changed as a result of the Revolutionary Period.

a. legislative branch held most power b. men who owned land and were free could vote

a. The articles limitations had no central leaderships(executive branch), congress had no power to enforce laws, and no power to tax, no national court system (judicial branch) b. the internal unrest led to calles for stronger central gov because of economic and military crisis, difficulty w international trade, foreign relations, etc c. northwest ordinance is considered the greatest accomplishment of the articles of confederation gov because congress enacted it for admitting new states and it promoted public education, protection of private property, ban on slavery

Explain the differing ideological positions on the structure and function of the federal government.

a. slavery: each slave counted as 3/5ths of a person, and congress had power to ban slave trade after 1808 b. representation: one house of congress(house of reps) base and its representation on population and have 2 senators in the other house(the Senate) regardless of population

a. anti-federalists: opposed ratification; feared new national gov would be too powerful and threaten individuals liberties b. federalists: approved ratification; fought to convince the state to ratify the constitution c. federalist papers: to convince New Yorkers to send the constitutional convention delegates who approved ratification d. bill of rights: guaranteed personal freedoms, limits federal Govs power, and reserved some power for states

Explain the continuities and changes in the structure and functions of the government with the ratification of the Constitution.

the articles of confederation are the rules that democratic countries develop to implement law

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

Explain how and why competition intensified conflicts among peoples and nations from 1754 to 1800.

a. Jay's Treaty(1794): helped settle conflicts between US and Britain that existed even after Revolutionary War b. Pinckney's Treaty(1795)- Spain feared British-US alliance, signed P's Treaty

The war provided great Britain big territorial gains in N. America, but disputes over frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately the American Revolution

Spain used missions to settle and were built near Indian villages so it was easy to bring Indians into them. There were pueblos and ranchos also

concluded conflict because native Americans agreed to formally cede most of Ohio and parts of northwest terrritory to the Americans, and agreed to let Americans settle peacefully

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a. the relationship between national Govs and the states was federalist desire for strong gov, and demo-repub wanted more power to the states

a. permanent foreign alliances (wanted to stay neutral) b. political parties or "factions" (believed it would split our nation apart

Explain the continuities and changes in American culture from 1754 to 1800.

a. b.

a. An ex of national identity expressed in works of art is romanticism in American painting b. !!

Explain how and why migration and immigration to and within North America caused competition and conflict over time.

It demonstrated that the new national gov had the will and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws, though the whiskey excise was hard to collect. It also contributed to formation of political parties in the US

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a. where is slavery spreading? spreading more in the south as antislavery sentiment began to grow in north b. New England quakers fought against slave trade as an antislavery sentiment in the north

Explain the causes and effects of policy debates in the early republic.

a. Tariff: Demo Repubs supported the tariff (Calhoun); Whigs opposed it (Daniel Webster) b. power of the federal gov: demo republican thought states should have more autonomy, whips favored a strong central gov and strong congress c. relations with European powers: demo repubs supported neutral relations with European powers

a. Marbury vs Madison: defines for 1st time the power of the US Supreme Court and elevates it to the third and equal branch of the fed gov b. mucCulloch vs maryland: affirmed right of implied power, that there were powers that the fed gov had that weren't mentioned in the constitution, but were implied by it c. gibbons vs. ogden: Supreme Court of US held that specifically the power to regulate interstate encompassed the power to regulate navigation

a. explain the controversy of Jeffersons purchase of louisiana: there was a huge debate over Jeffersons presidential powers defined by constitution, and it was a big purchase b. how does Jeffersons learn more about the land? he authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore and map the new territory

a. define the American system: the policy promoting industry in the US by adoption of a high protective tariff of developing internal improvements by fed gov b. explain the concerns about the American system: big money plays dominant role in elections and governance

a settlement of a dispute between slave and free states, contained in several laws passed 1820 to 1821

protected American cities such as Baltimore and New Orleans, won against French

pioneers traveled to Oregon and cali using network of trails lead west; "trail of tears"

textile mills: spread across railroads and made inexpensive factory produced fabrics available everywhere cotton gins: enabled far higher productivity than the time consuming. process of separating cotton fibers by hands

opened up national markets for selling/obtaining resources and helped lower costs of production; made it easier for natives and free African Americans

a. power of fed gov: democrats wanted less gov input; whigs wanted increase of gov input b. national bank: whigs supported national bank; democrats saw themselves against it to protect "common man" c. federally funded internal improvements: whigs supported internal improvements; democrats did not

established small tract of land for specific tribes and encouraged them to take up agriculture

a protestant religious revival in the US

cult domesticity: portrayed women as a moral teacher, supervisor of husband and children reform movements: the term cult was used after the awakening of the religion that made women a key to maintain an honorable society

a. abolition: to abolish slavery; made it an issue of debate in parliament b. womens rights: advocated for advancement of property rights, employment, educational opportunities for women c. temperance: organized effort to limit/outlaw consumption and production of alcoholic beverages in the US

nat turner's slave rebellion

they broke tools, faked illness, staged slow-downs, committed acts of arson

whippings

relocated plantations to areas of more fertile land like West Virginia, Maryland, Arkansas, and Tennessee

plantation economy couldn't survive with out slave labor

a. gold rush/ mining opps b. opp to buy land

The belief that Americans were destined to expand west

the expansion of technology and industry in the US and overseas allowed it to diversify American culture and create more ties with Asia

a. slaves: should slavery be prevalent in the new land? debate between northerners and southerners b. American Indians: should they be moved onto reservations? c. Mexicans: is paying them 15 mil to leave unreasonable?

northerners got slave trade outlawed in cali; southerners got New Mexico and Utah to decide whether they wanted to be slave or free states

Germany, Ireland, England

a. passionate activists joined together to form abolitionist societies. b. produced countless pamphlets, broadsides and other written materials directed at different audiences.

a. economics; social good b. religion

a. kansas-nebraska act: White American settlers from both North and South flooded the Northern Indian Territory, hoping to influence the vote on slavery that would come following the admittance of Kansas and Nebraska to the US b. dred Scott decision: made slavery legal in all states of the Union

weakened by policy on slavery and affecting nativism because of developed political entity; led to more divide within parties resulting in Republican Party in north

southerners were losing control of fed gov and eventually would be have to suppress/ outlaw slavery

a. improvements in leadership and strategy: blockade southern coasts; "anaconda plan" b. key victories: battle of fort Henry; union advantage as large industrial power c. greater resources: north's greater manpower and coal, iron, gold, rail systems d. costed confederacy human capital gov expenditures that was billions of dollars

allowd blacks to fight changed the nature of the war

1. Renewed the US belief system 2. Elevated the war to a higher purpose 3. Suggested that freedom/equality applied to everyone.

13th amendment: abolished slavery 14th amendment: granted citizenship to ppl born/ naturalized in US 15th amendment: guaranteed right to vote for ppl of color

limited political and voting rights for ex-confederates

disputed presidential election or 1876 was resolved w a deal

a. KKK: targeted them and used the media to spread ideologies of hate towards them b. Supreme Court: decided they were not citizens