Sociology – Chapter 3 example #39214

totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material and behaviors. It includes the ideas,values and artifcatcts( ex. DVD, comic books, birth control devices, etc)

farily large number of peoplewho live in the same teritory are relatviely indepedent of people outside their area and particpate in a common culture 1.largest form of human group 2. share common heritage and culture

globally the primary effct of popular culture is to limit people's choices. (German philopher)

the worldwide media industry tht standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers

all societies have devloped certain common practices and beliefs (ex: need for food, shelther and clothes)

Anthrolopologist - complied list of cultural universals ( athletic sports, cooking, dancing, visiting, personal names, marriages, medicine, religion rituals, funneral ceremonies, sexual restricitions, trade list same, but how to express them varies from culture to culture

the tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to others

viewing people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture It places a priority on understanding others cultures rather than dismissing as strange or excotic.

the systemic study of how biology affects human social behavior. Asserts many cultural traits juman display are not learned by te rooted in genetic make up.

founded on sociobiology Theory of Evolution - natural selection

process of adaption to the environment through random gentic variation. Assumed that particulat forms of behavior become genetically linked to species if they contribute to its fitness of surfe

process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture.

involves making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality

results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before.

refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society

cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires

physical or technological aspects of our daily lives inccluding food, houses, factories, raw materials,

ways of using material objects as well as customs, beliefs, philosphies, governments, and patterns of communication (Ogburn's work)

period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions. (Ogburn's work)

is a segment of scoiety that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules and traditions that differs form the pattern of the larger society. Sometimes emerge when the dominant society unsucessfully tries to support a practice such as the use of illegal drugs

specialized language used by members of a group or subculture

when a subculture conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture

anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture

an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. It includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols and nonverbal gestrues and expressions describes reality and serves to shape the reality of a culture

hypothesis concerning the role of language in shaping our intepretation of reality, It holds that langage is culturally determined.

gestures, objects and words that form the basis of human communication

use of gestures, facial expressions an other visual images to communicate

are established standards of behviors maintained by a society

generally have been written down and specify strict punishments for violators Ex: diploma, medal, firing from job, jail sentence

generally are understood but not precisly recorded. Ex: dress code, smile, frown, bullying, etc

norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society often because they embody the most cherished principle of a people.

norms governing everyday behavior

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm

collective conception of what is considered good, desirable and proper or bad, undesirable and improper in a culture

polarization of society over controversial cultural elements

set of cultural beliefs and practice that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.

use of 2 languages in a particular setting (work or school) teaching each language as equally legitimate.

subcultures serve the interesrs of subgroups, ethnocentrism reinforces group solidarity

contercultures questions the dominant social order, ethncentrism devalues groups

cultural relativism respects variations in the way men and woman are viewed in different societies.

customs abd traditions are transmitted through intergroup contact and through media

reinforce societal standards

reinforce patterns of dominance

reinforce roles of men and women

are maintained through face to face interaction

are collective coneptions what is good

may perpetuate social inquality

may perpetuate male dominance

are defined and redefined through social interaction

culture reflects a society's strong central values

culture reflects society's dominant ideology

culture reflects society's view of men and women

a society's core culture is perpetuated through daily social interactions

provides food and services to customers

opposes labor unions; slow to provide employee health benefits, promote women

limits role of women in leadership

history of insensivity to cultrual variations in store customer relationships