AP Human Geography FINAL EXAM Review

what are the two types of geography?

the branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes

the branch of geography dealing with how human activity affects or is influenced by the Earth's surface

the science or art of making maps. The "charting" of the earth

what is the flaw in turning 3D maps to flat maps?

what are the two types of maps?

type of map that shows locations of places and geographic features. it also shows absolute locations and is the most common type of map

type of map that tells a story about the degree of an attribute, the pattern of its distribution or its movement. it also shows relative location

maps that we carry in our minds of places we have been to and places we have heard of. can be form correctly or incorrectly based on the influence of media

unknown land, place that we know are there but we don't know any details about them

movement from one place to another (roads, sidewalks, etc.)

what about paths?

the idea that if you have access to another path, then you can go to more places

places we travel routinely in our rounds of daily activity (place we are the most familiar with)

what are the five themes of geography?

what are the two types of locations?

type of location where you are in relation to something else, dynamic (can change)

the exact location of an object, static (cannot be changed), uses longitude and latitude

lines that run east and west, parallel lines, never intersects

north south lines that measures east and west of your prime meridian

any line that runs 0º is called a ______.

what is the 180º line called?

what is the international date line used for?

GIS

storing information in LAYERS, bringing maps together, taking things apart from a certain area, allows for more interaction and data collection on area

the amount of something in a given area

how COMPACT/spread out something is in a certain area

what are the two types of place?

place that has differences that include naturally occurring phenomenas (climate, landforms, etc)

characteristics of the people who inhabit a spot on Earth (culture related), groups that migrate and leave an impact on an area

names that people put on places that are important to them (representative of history)

the internal physical attributes of a place, including its ABSOLUTE location, its spatial character and physical setting

infusing a place with meaning and emotion. INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTION

belief or understanding of what a place is like, often based on books, movies, etc.

how humans use the environment and adapt it in their everyday lives

philosophy, view on human behavior and success is strongly affected and determined by the physical environment. A WAY OF THINKING, when civilizations consume resources, what are the effects of those resources?

natural environment limits the range of available choices; humans are the sole factor in determining their own direction and success. HUMANS RESPONSIBLE

concept of movement from one place to another provides the key link to geographers in explaining how we are all connected

people moving

ideas moving

all-encompassing term that identifies the tangible lifestyle of people and their prevailing values and beliefs

starting point of a culture

the process of dissemination, the spread of an ideas from its starting point to other ideas

what prevents/slows down diffusion?

the longer and the further it takes for an idea to reach a destination, the less impact

place receiving impact of diffusion...

type of diffusion that spreads outward from the hearth

type of diffusion that spreads out adjacently (spreads to area around hearth). don't have a choice of accepting it

spreads to the most linked people or places first. goes to people who are willing to accept the diffusion and not all people will be affected by it

idea promotes a local experiment or change in culture. changes the idea to something that a culture can accept (at first, the change is not acceptable, so they change it so it is acceptable)

movement of individuals who carry an idea or innovations with them to a new perhaps distant location. MUST be through physical movement of humans

what does globalization do in terms of countries?

area that is defined by commonality, typically a cultural linkage or physical characteristics

region defined by a set of social, political, or economic activities or the interactions that occur within it

ideas about regions that exist in the mind and is INDIVIDUAL

example of hierarchical diffusion

example of stimulus diffusion

example of contagious diffusion

example of globalization

example of location

study of geographic phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact

study of health and disease within a geographical context and perspective

an outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide

regional outbreak of a disease

logical attempt to explain patterns of an economic activity that are interrelated

degree of direct linkage between one area to the next through transportation

motion that successive societies leave their cultural imprint on a place. Relates to cultural landscape

GPS

satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or features

a hunt for a circle, the GPS coordinates which are placed on the internet by other geographers

a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments far away

single element of normal practice in a culture

related set of cultural traits

the multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment

an approach to studying nature - society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect and are the result of the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated

the relationship between a distance portrayed on a map and the same distance on the Earth, the representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization

what are the three "things" that maps can distort?

Who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis?

Geography attempts to answer why things happen where they do. This is called...

how do geographers answer the "why of where" questions?

what is the meaning of the question "so what?"

type of map that shows how something is distributed across space or an area

a mathematical method that involves transferring Earth's sphere onto a flat surface

a territory that encompasses many places that share similar physical and or cultural attributes

Who tackled the task of defining and delimiting the perceptual regions of the United Sates and southern Canada?

a set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence without regard to country borders, the expansion of economic, political, and cultural process to the point were they become global on scale and impact

one of the five themes of geography that can be absolute or relative, the geographical situation of people or things

one of the five themes of geography that describes the human and physical characteristics of a location

one of the five themes of geography that considers to how humans adapt to and modify the environment

one of the five themes of geography that studies the movement and migration across the planet

one of the five themes of geography that divides the world into manageable units for geographic study. has some sort of a characteristic that unifies the area

the number of infants dying

measure of total populative relative to land size

measure of ALL of the land, including bodies of water

number of people per unit data of agriculturally productive/arable land

land that is farmable is called ______.

which is more accurate: physiological density or arithmetic density?

what is the difficulty of arithmetic density?

what does physiological density do that arithmetic density doesn't?

descriptions of places where people are spread out. PEOPLE AREN'T EVENLY DISTRIBUTED

predictor that thought population would exceed food supply

what did Malthus think in terms of the growth in population and food supply?

multistage model of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization

low growth - high birth rate, high death rate, (birth and death rate cancel each other out), and low population growth

high growth - high birth rate, falling death rate, high population growth (society: from agricultural to urbanized, raising quality of life)

moderate growth - falling birth rate, low death rate, steady population growth (urbanized and more industrialized families have less children)

low/stationary growth - (SPL) low birth rate, low death rate, steady/stationary population growth

population DECLINE - when the population starts to decrease in number

demographic transition model correlates to ______.

more people live in _______ countries than ________ countries.

age group in a population pyramid

a graph that shows % of age group in the total population, divided by gender

these countries have a chart shaped like a pyramid (looks like a pyramid)

the _______ the pyramid, the _______ the growth

this "kind of population" maintains replacement rate (looks like a vase)

this "type of population" in a country grows more older, even less kids, more longer lives (type of population pyramid, looks like a diamond)

movement away from home for a SHORT PERIOD

movement away from home for a LONGER PERIOD

the intent of returning home and different amount of time gone

a change in residence that is intended to be PERMANENT

negative influences that causes people to move away from an area or to not to come to an area

positive influences that causes people to come to an area

what are the 6 major categories/reasons of push and pull factors?

money sent to a home country

why are remittances sent?

movement that involves crossing the borders of countries

movement that occurs within a country, a state, a city...

movers have no choice of moving to another area

movers have a choice of moving to another area

maps where one dot represents a certain number of phenomenon such as population

used to designate large coalescing super-cities that are forming in diverse parts of the world

a periodic and official count of a country's population

the time required for a population to double in size

is an actual number of population growth that is measured as the excess of live births over deaths. DOESN'T REFLECT EMIGRATION/IMMIGRATION MOVEMENTS.

same as natural increase but is showed as a PERCENTAGE (%)

number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population

number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population

level at which a national population ceases to grow

SPL

structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties like education

describes the number of children that die between the 1st-5th year in their lives in a population

how long an average a person may be expected to live

government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth

government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others

government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase

movement among a definite set of places - often cyclic movement

common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers who cross borders worldwide to find jobs

a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between high land and lowland pastures

the five laws that predict the flow of migrants

who developed the laws of migration?

a mathematical prediction of the interaction of places; population size of the two places and the distance between two places (population (1) x population (2)/distance)

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

types of push and pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family/friends have found success

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links

phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration

physical progress whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either bringing people or indentured outsiders

place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and has high concentration of jobs

legal immigrations who have a world visa, usually short term

people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum elsewhere

people who have been displaced within their own country and don't cross borders when fleeing

refugees who have crossed one or more international boundaries during their dislocations looking for asylum elsewhere

shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state

established limis by government on the number of immigrants who can enter a country by year

process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from immigrating

the study of human populations

the gravity model predicts interaction between places on the basis of...

what continent is most severely afflicted by dislocation?

every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration

the majority of migrants move a short distance

migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations

urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas

families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

What is the doubling time formula?

Why are women having less children in more developed countries?

where are the three major population concentrations?

average number of children born to a women during her childbearing years (2.1)

what region is experiencing the fastest population growth?

______ occurs when a population is adding a fixed percentage of people to a growing population each year

life expectancy has increased where?

the largest amount of people that an environment can withstand/support

what country has the highest rate of natural increase?

a change in the population that disturbs the "flow" of a place

what is the number one reason for people to move?

regular travelling from place to place within one's activity space (usually one's workplace and place of residence)

commuting, seasonal movement, nomadism

migrant labor, transhumance, military service

Egypt (people tend to live near Nile River and arable land rather than other places)

Egypt (people live by the arable land more than the desert land)

Atlantic Slave Trade

economic opportunities, immigration

subsaharan africa

northern africa, south east asia, bangladesh

mexico, south america, india

northern and western european countries

example of devolution

example of supranational organizations

example of compact state

example of fragmented state

example of elongated state

example of prorupt state

example of a perforated state (exclave)

example of a perforated state (enclave)

example of antecedent boundary

example of subsequent boundary

example of super imposed boundary

example of relict/relic boundary

example of definitional/territorial boundary dispute

example of positional/locational boundary dispute

example of functional/operational boundary dispute

example of resource/allocational boundary dispute

example of functional/operational boundary dispute

the study of government, power, and politics

a system of rule over people and territory

the means to rule the people; legitimizing

the process of using power in government, a way a society decides how power and resources will be divided within that society

political unit (can be used interchangeably with countries)

refers to a tightly knit GROUP of people (usually having similarities such as religion, ethnicity, language, etc)

T/F? There can be states in nations

T/F? There can be nations in states

pattern or behavior demonstrated in defense of a particular area that is claimed by someone or a group of people

A state MUST HAVE all of the following in order to be a state....?

when the people in a country have a say in what happens within their government and their country

A nation MUST HAVE all of the following in order to be a nation...?

A nation state MUST HAVE all of the following in order to be a nation state...?

close match between political sovereignty and extend of a nation's homeland

A state that has a homogenous population, meaning the population mostly has one ethnicity identity and one political goal

Nation state that is made through forced migration and restrictive policies

political unit with two or more national homelands

The creation or the existence of multination states may lead to...

what are the stages of fragmentation? (in the order of severity)

independence movements in peripheral ethnic regions, when a nation is underneath control over another country and kind of becomes their own "country" but they lack sovereignty and international recognition

the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state; when a controlling state recognizes independence in state being controlled and allows some rights

when a country or state separates from controlling state entirely

when a cultural unit (homeland) exists across the boundaries of more than one political unit

multistate nations may lead to...

political goal to unify a nation across existing state borders

nation with political aspirations without sovereignty over its homeland or simply a nation who has a homeland but no defined state

what are the two forms of nationalism?

type of nationalism where a pride of a nation based on identity with specific culture

type of nationalism where a pride of a nation is based on government system or political ideals that transcends ethnicity

what are the type of state shapes?

state shape that resembles a circle, distance from any point of the country to its center is the same, has great geographic stability, and it has its capital in the center

state that consists of 2 or more "pieces," pieces are rather large and are many in numbers, can make some interactions within the country more difficult, are commonly known as island nations, and they tend to have many nations spring up on those pieces of land

state that can separate areas due to distance from center or core, "stretched out," and has different levels of development/interaction

compact state with a tail, has an area that extends from a compact area, can create room for fractions geographically has problems with the extended part, and the extended part is disconnected with the country

state that is broken by another country, difficult to maintain, short in duration, and can be separated to two types: exclaves and enclaves

perforated state that has a part that is separated from the state by another

perforated state that is surrounded by another state entirely

collapse of the government

fragmentation into small states that may not be visible, move to make your own state

a vertical plane that cuts through airspace and the ground below to determine ownership. You cannot take anything from a territory that's not yours

what are the steps of creating a boundary IN ORDER?

type of boundary that signals where the boundary came from

boundaries that were defined and delimited before humans settled; often exist because of areas that discourage settlement (physical features)

can change; boundaries which were developed according to the cultural landscape (people move, culture and boundaries move)

forcibly drawn boundaries across a cultural unified landscape

boundary that has existed but has creased to exist, imprints of boundary still evident in cultural landscape

dispute that focuses on legal language of agreement of a boundary and what documents prove where it is

dispute that focuses on delimitation and demarcation of border and the interpretation of the definition of the border

dispute that focuses on how the boundary is administered and deals with immigrants... How should the border function? What is its purpose?

dispute that focuses on how resources are distributed and used by both sides of the border... How do we allocate the resources in a certain area?

what is one of the common resource that countries fight over in boundaries?

boundaries that focuses on how we divide the bodies of water up fairly for all countries

what is the key feature/idea about the UN convention on the LAW OF THE SEA?

what are the "layers" or the different "zones" of each country's territory over the sea in order?

12 miles off the coast; if less, split between countries. Can treat this area like land; set laws, regulate the usage of resource in area

12-24 miles off the coast, can enforce laws for pollution, right to tax, monitor goods and immigration

EEZ

200 miles off the coast, includes the previous layers, has the right of resource expolition, foreign nations can put in navigation, overfly, submarine pipes, and cables

step in creating a boundary that deals with the writing of the boundary and making note of it

step in creating a boundary that deals with mapping the boundary

step in creating a boundary that deals with putting up barriers to show where those boundaries are; whether it would be fences, gates, etc

step in creating a boundary that deals with how that boundary is controlled and looked after; who comes and who goes over that boundary, and creating rules for that boundary

lacks the criteria of a state, but still has a homeland and can exist over many other state boundaries (ex: Kurds)

when a nation that has immigrated outside of its homeland to elsewhere and exists in that different state. CAN TRAVEL BACK TO HOME COUNTRY (ex: nations within US that have traveled to here)

what are the two types that perforated states can be separated into?

as we move away from the ______, there is more _______ within a country

a state's shape challenges ________ and ________.

in terms of a state's shape, what are the main two categories for the problems between regions of a state?

how geography affects politics

where in a compact state has problems that tend to occur more than others?

where in a prorupt state has problems that tend to occur more than others?

where in an elongated state has problems that tend to occur more than others?

how we have voting right, how we divide up into districts, states, nations. This mostly applies to the US

the right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incurrsion from other states

negotiated in 1648, this constituted peace concluded in Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion, contained new language of recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security

the idea of "a country is more wealthy the more gold and silver they have." This was a driving force in colonialism. It required a favorable balance of trade. EXPORT MORE THAN YOU IMPORT. Associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade

the act of perserving an area and maintaining control rather than destroying it and depriving it of its resources and the WEALTH GOES BACK TO THE MOTHERLAND

the attempt to control/conquer an area with the goal to exploit resources and riches from there to the mother country, destroy what is in that area and deprive it from its resources

theory that has three tenets that describes the world's economy

world economy has one market and a global division of labor

even though the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy

the world economy has a three-tier structure

in the world economy, people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the GOAL OF ACHIEVING PROFIT

process of turning something that wasn't profitable before into something that is and then successfully selling it or trading it

process that incorporates higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology. This core process generates more wealth in the world economy

process that incorporates lower levels of education, lower salaries, and lower technology. This core process generates less wealth in the world economy

places were core and periphery processes are both occurring

forces that unifies and binds a state or a nation together

forces that divides or separates a state or nation

a government/political system where there is a core power of a government as well as regions of a state have some political power in their country. This system has the people have a say in their government and they can vote

a government/political system where there is a core government that controls everything in their country

in the House of Representatives, where each representative is elected from a territorially defined districted

the process by which districts are moved according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

packed districts where a majority of the population is from the minority

"redistricting for advantage," the designation of voting districts so as to favor a particular party or candidate

boundaries that follow an agree-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape

developed by Mackinder, says that Eurasia has a "pivot" area. This pivot area has a bunch of resources, and if a country could control this area, they would ultimately have a tremendous amount of power

world order where the US is in a position of hard power dominance and with allies of the US following rather than joining the political decision making process

a separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit and in pursuit of shared goals

organization, company, or corporation that goes international to do their business there

historic event that created the boundaries in Africa

what are the four types of genetic boundaries?

supranational organization that fosters international security and cooperation as well as help make the economy beneficial

supranational organization that are made up of European states to promote the economy of Europe

what are the two types of boundaries?

boundaries that are drawn using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range

boundaries that follow an agreed upon feature in the physical geographic landscape

the "governmental" idea that the people are the ultimate sovereign

developed by Ratzel, said that a state resembled an organism with territory being the life giving force to try and explain why certain states were powerful and how to become powerful

what are the three tenets of the world systems theory?

intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about places, and these ideas influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices; as a result, those ideas affect us about our own ideas about places and politics

1) a group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by people

type of culture that is small, incorporates a homogenous, is typically rural, and is cohesive in cultural traits

type of culture that is large, incorporates heterogeneous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quickly changing cultural traits. Can change in a matter of days or hours

a group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others

culture that includes the things that people construct, such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance, and foods

culture that includes the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people

the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits when they come into contact with another society or culture... the blending or fusing of minority groups into a dominant society

a practice that a group of people routinely follows

the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit

the notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa. This idea posits that the world is comprised of an interconnected series of relationships that extend across space

the process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes

a region in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area

the spatial trajectory through which cultural traits or other phenomena spead

defined by Gillian Rose as how we make sense of ourselves or how we define ourselves

constructing an identity by first defining the "other" and then defining ourselves as "not the other."

a constructed identity that is based on physical characteristics and other traits (culture, tradition) like skin color

what is the number one tell-tale for identifying a race?

an extreme form of prejudice that involves judging people unfairly and the assumption that a person's own race/ethnic group is superior... a system or attitude toward visible differences in individuals, the concept of superiority attached to a race

defined by Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton as the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment

seeing out the regional culture and reinvigorating it in a response to the uncertainty of the modern world

neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or compromised if a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

the process through which something that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought or sold becomes an object that can be bought, sold and traded in the world market

the accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

a term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity. The likelihood of diffusion depends upon the connectedness (in communications and transportation technologies) among places

with respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own

defined by Edward Relph, the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

process where new immigrants to a city move to areas occupied by older immigrant groups and dominate that area

an identity that stems from the notion that people are closely bounded, even related, in a certain place over time by common ancestry or culture

defined by Doreen Mossey and Pat Jess as social relations stretched out

defined by Doreen Massey and Pat Jess as particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location

places designed for women or for men

in the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride

theory that explains that social scientists (in the geography and other principles) are approaching a commonly used negative word in society and turning it to describe a theory that "highlights the contexual nature" of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the "political engagement of the queer with heteronormatives"

defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood; referring to barrio - Spanish word for neighborhood

2) people share a myriad of different group identities based on a complex interaction of personal identity, ethnicity, language, gender, and more

3) dynamic, constantly changing process that is shaped by political, social, and economic conditions

how a culture related to another through behavior, traditions, language, and more. Comparing two cultures to see who's "better" or "superior"

who was the speaker on unit 4's TED talk?

cultural web = ....

ethnosphere is...

what threatens the ethnosphere?

killing off culture in the name of "globalization." Negative like genocide

the arrangement of the parts that constitute society, the organization of social positions and distribution of people within those positions

socially defined niches or positions within a society. Labels for people

every status has expected behavior and duties - expected of thought, feelings, and treatment. What is this called?

roles can come...

roles can...

interrelated statuses or roles among two or more people

by having groups, we are seeing what form?

what are the four types of groups?

very close relationship with one or more people over a long period of time

a larger and less loving group, yet they have an intended purpose

people who live close together and work towards common goals

collection of all of the other types of groups

when ideas from one culture are spread to other cultures

cultural diffusion can be...

elements of culture that are present in all cultures world wide

what are the four cultural universals?

how we see other cultures, our point of view of the things that best represent an area based on what the culture is

a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which why live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

a group of people who are the dominant "race" or "group" in an area

a group of people who share certain biologically inherited physical characteristics that are considered equally important within a society as well as the same culture, language, and sometimes religion

a socially defined group that is identified by unique characteristics related to culture or nationality

what defines ethnic minorities?

a set of ideas - based on distortion, exaggeration, and oversimplification - that is applied to all members of a group

the active unfair treatment of people that is based on ethnic race, religion, or culture

widely held negative attitudes toward a group (majority or minority) and its individual members

for years, what two categories have the US separated races as?

back then, what did Europeans define other races as?

back then, what did the Europeans call the region that is now the Middle East and Asia?

what is the most segregated city for African Americans?

what is the most segregated city for American Indians and Alaska Natives?

what is the most segregated city for Asians and Pacific Islanders?

what is the most segregated city for Hispanics?

women engage in what type of jobs?

private, often home-based activity

what is the one region that has not seen an increase in the number of women working in the workforce?

the myth that paints Asians as good, hardworking people who, despite their suffering through discrimination, harassment, and exclusion, have found ways to prosper through peaceful means

the geography of how things are spread out in a certain area

the external locational attributes of a place; its RELATIVE location or regional position with reference to other nonlocal place

the visible impact of human culture on a landscape

the total fertility rate at which women would have only enough children to replace themselves and their partner

when a person(s) migrates INTO a particular country or area

when a person(s) migrates OUT of a particular country or area

in the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and the minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts; as opposed to the result of majority minority districts

a discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. Today, the practice is illegal

what are the characteristics that every map must have?