Sociology: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Seeing the general in the particular. Sociologists look for general patterns in particular people. Although every individual is unique, society shapes the lives of people in various categories differently.

The study of the larger world and our society's place within it.

Driving forces led to its development: -industrialization -urbanization -immigration

-views society as a system of interdependent and interrelated parts (body) -works together to promote solidarity and stability

Conflict arises out of inequality between the owners and the workers (the haves ans haves not)- present day looking at advantaged over disadvantaged. Out of conflict comes change.

view meaning as arising through the process of social interaction; asct towards thimgs based on meaning you have for it. Micro-level empahsis.

the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life

the ideas created by members of society ex) Languages, beliefs, values, norms. attitudes

the physical things created by members of society ex) Art, architecture, tv, clothing, consumer goods, technology

Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

Symbols, languages, values and beliefs

anything to which members of a culture assign meaning.

a complex system of symbols with meanings that people use to communicate and transmit culture

shared ideas about what is socially desirable or culturally defined standards

specific ideas that people hold to be true

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population ex) teens, cliques

-cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite vs -cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the U.S and therefore promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

-the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture vs -the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Cultural pattterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society ex) Amish , hippies

the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system. ex) cyber bulllying, egg/sperm donation

the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

3 parts: id: innate, pleasure-seeking human drives superego: the demands of society in the from of internalized values and norms ego: our efforts to balance innate, pleasure-seeking drives and the demands of society

Believed that human development involves both biological maturation and gaining social experience. He identified 4 stages: -sensorimotor stage -preoperational stage -concrete operational stage -formal operational stage

applied Piaget's approach to stages of moral development -preconventional -conventional -postconventional

Found that gender plays an important part in moral development, with males relying more in abstract standards of rightness and females relying more on the effects of actions on relationships

The self is part of our personality and includes self-awareness and self-mage. It develops as a result of social experience.

the family, the school, the peer group, and the mass media

Typically most important agent and greatest impact on attitudes and behavior. -race, class, and SES

first experience with bureaucracy and exposes you to social diversity.

takes on great importance during adolescence and frees young people from adult supervision.

huge impact on socialization in modern, high income societies.

a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff ex) prisons and mental hospitals

social position that is part of our social identity and defines our relationships to others

behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status

communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech

Symbolic Interactionism

Globalization

Languages

False

-Nonmaterial culture are the ideas created by members of a society. ex) -Material culture are the physical things created by members of a society. ex)

Culture shock is a personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life. ex)traveling abroad, adapt by making local friends.

Two of the driving forces were industrialization and urbanization. Industrialization was moving from agricultural to manufactory economy. Urbanization was created out of this because people moved to the cities for jobs.

Seeing the general in the particular. It benefits us by personal growth and awareness, preparation for the world of the work, and guides the laws and policies that shape our lives.

Family

True

the family : race, class, SES the school: exposes us to social diversity

1)staff members control all aspects of daily life 2)controlled and standardized 3)formal rules dictate daily routines Resocialization means radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment. This is important because it can make it easier for the staff to bring about personality change or obedience.

Korean

True or false

Relieving tension in uncomfortable situations or discussing a sensitive topic witgout appearing serious or offensive. ex) Doctors making a joke to their patients during a physical exam,

False

Utilitarian

Impersonality, Hierarchy of position, and specialization

Many of us are willing to comprise our own judgment to avoid discomfort of being seen different regardless whether we do not know the people.

The study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior.

A concept whose value changes from case to case

A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case

A relationship in which two (or more) variables change together. Does not equal causation.

the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world

the study of society that focuses n the need for social change

Comte, Spencer, and Durkheim

Erving Goffman, Geroge Herbert Mead, Max Weber, George Homans, and Peter Blau

Karl Marx, George Simmel, William E. DuBois, and Harriet Martineau

-the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern vs -the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

-norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance vs -norms for routine or casual interaction

identified challenges that individuals face at each stage of life from infancy to old age

-radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment. -2 part process: breaking down inmate's existing identity and building a new self though a system of rewards and punishments.

learning that helps a person achieved a desired position.

all the statues a person holds at a given time

-a social postion a person receives at birth of takes on involuntarily later in life vs -a social postion a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort

a number of roles attached to a single status

- conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses (1 role, 2 statuses or more vs -tension among the roles connected to a single status (2 roles or more, 1 status)

the surrounding area over which a person makes a claim to privacy

Erving Goffman's term for a person's efforts to create specific impression in the minds of others

Provides an acceptable way to discuss a sensitive topic without appearing to be serious or offending anyone. People also use it to relieve tension in uncomfortable situations.

People use 6 basic emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear disgust, and surprise and use much of the same facial expressions to show them. Culture plays a part by specifying the situations that trigger or guide one emotion or another.

two or more people who identify with and interact with one another

-small, personal, and lasting (family and close friends vs -larger, impersonal, goal-oreinted, shorter duration (class or corporation)

-authoritarian: gives orders and direct activities with minimal input -democratic: attempt to involve others in decision-making -lassiez faire: "hands off" approach, does not set the agenda or direct others

Many of us are willing to comprise our own judgment to avoid discomfort of being seen different regardless whether we do not know the people.

the rule of the many by the few

-utilitarian: pay people for their efforts (jobs) -normative: have goals people consider worthwhile (volunteering) -coercive: people are forced to join (prisons or mental hospitals)

-specialization -hierarchy of positions -rules and regulations -technical competence -impersonality -formal,written communications

low skill service work based on: -efficiency -uniformity -control ex) fast food restaurants and telemarking

People are likely to follow the lead of authority figures or even ordinary people even when it means harming another person

Group members often seek agreement and may pressure one another toward conformity.