CH 21 LECTURE

Which leukocytes are sometimes referred to as "housekeeping" phagocytes because of their role in clearing (cleaning up) cell debris? Which leukocytes are sometimes referred to as "housekeeping" phagocytes because of their role in clearing (cleaning up) cell debris? megakaryocytes basophils lymphocytes macrophages

What is the most important reason you should not try draining an abscess by pressing on it? What is the most important reason you should not try draining an abscess by pressing on it? may spread infection to deeper tissue releases large amounts of pus/debris too painful a process to perform may result in a permanent scar

Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells? histamine kinins complement prostaglandins

When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors? during diapedesis during margination during leukocytosis during chemotaxis

What characterizes the chemotaxis phase of phagocyte mobilization? Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury. Neutrophils cling to the inner walls of capillaries and postcapillary venules. Neutrophils actively ingest bacteria. Neutrophils flatten to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls.

What characterizes the diapedesis phase of phagocyte mobilization? Neutrophils flatten to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls. chemotaxis leukocytosis margination

What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected? interferon pyrogens complement opsonins

Which type of chemical induces fever? complement pyrogens interferon antibodies

Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways? macrophages neutrophils NK cells mast cells

Discharge is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. True False

Which of the following is an effect of complement activation? T cell activation tissue repair fever opsonization

Which antimicrobial protein triggers inflammation? interferon histamine pyrogen complement

Haptens have immunogenicity but not reactivity. True False

Which of the areas seen the figure must be occupied by T lymphocytes, at least for a while, but is NOT required for the production of B lymphocytes? the thymus the bone marrow lymph nodes the general circulation

How does a lymphocyte exhibit immunocompetence? by being relatively unresponsive to self-antigens so that they do not attack the body's own cells by recognizing self-antigen by being able to recognize their one specific antigen by rapidly proliferating to form an army of cells exactly like themselves and bearing the same antigen-specific receptors

Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs immediately after entering the circulation seeding of secondary lymphoid organs activation release from the bone marrow

Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition? NK cells T lymphocytes dendritic cells plasma cells

The antivenom used to treat venomous snake bites is an antibody produced in an animal such as a horse. Suppose these antibodies are injected into a patient who has been bitten by a venomous snake--how would you classify the resulting humoral immunity? passive immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, artificially acquired active immunity, naturally acquired passive immunity, naturally acquired

Which of the following should produce naturally acquired, active immunity? injections of antibody produced by a goat recovering from the chicken pox drinking breast milk getting a flu vaccine

Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity? antibodies received in breast milk infection antivenoms vaccines

What part of the antibody's structure determines its class? constant (C) region heavy (H) chain light (L) chain variable (V) region

How many sites on this antibody molecule have potential to bind to a non-self molecule? 1 2 3 4

In certain classes of antibody, the monomeric versions join to form dimers. What portions of the molecules adhere to each other to form these dimers? the stem regions the hinge regions variable regions of the heavy chain variable regions of the light chain

Which of the following occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins? agglutination complement fixation and activation neutralization precipitation

What class of antibody acts to clump red blood cells because of a transfusion of mismatched blood? immunoglobulin A (IgA) immunoglobulin D (IgD) immunoglobulin G (IgG) immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Which mechanism(s) of antibody action result(s) in cell lysis? agglutination neutralization complement fixation and activation precipitation

Which of the following are properly matched? IgE: primary antibody of the secondary immune response IgG: most abundant antibody IgM: secreted in tears IgA: primary antibody during primary immune response

Vaccines provide what type of immunity? natural active artificial active artificial passive natural passive

Which nonspecific defense triggers antibody production? complement activation phagocytosis inflammation cell-mediated immunity

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response? It is specific. It has memory. It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material. It is systemic.

Activated CD8 cells become __________. NK cells helper T cells cytotoxic T cells B cells

first line of defense:

second line of defense:

third line of defense:

innate defense system:

adaptive defense system:

Inflammation ________. is caused by viral activity to enhance the spread of the disease is caused by bacterial activity to enhance the spread of disease slows the healing process with swelling that can impair bodily function brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue disposes of cellular debris and pathogens replaces injured tissues with connective tissue sets the stage for repair processes

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. vasoconstriction complement production phagocyte mobilization vasodilation

Which of the following is not a role of activated complement? enhancement of inflammation insertion of MAC and cell lysis opsonization prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. diapedesis agglutination opsonization chemotaxis

Innate immune system defenses include ________. phagocytosis T cells B cells plasma cells

Fever ________. production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy

Natural killer (NK) cells ________. are cells of the adaptive immune system are also called cytotoxic T cells are a type of phagocyte can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

Dendritic cells and macrophages kill by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis. True False

The respiratory burst produced by activated macrophages releases free radicals which are effective at killing pathogens. True False

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis. True False

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? reactivity with an antibody inhibit production of antibodies contain many repeating chemical units small molecules

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. spleen bone marrow lymph nodes thymus

First to peak during a primary immune response:

Involved in allergies:

Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor:

Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response:

Protects mucosal barriers

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? antigen complement antibody interferon

Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell? IgG IgE IgM IgA IgD

Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many antigenic determinates. True False

What types of antigen do T cells NOT recognize? cancer antigens processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells bacterial antigens self-antigens