Immune System Mastering

25 July 2022
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36 test answers

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T Cells achieve self-tolerance in the
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Thymus
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What type of cell is the precursor to the helper T cell?
What type of cell is the precursor to the helper T cell?
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CD4 Cell T cells with CD4 receptors are presented exogenous antigens by dendritic cells and macrophages. Cells in this lineage become helper T, memory helper T, or regulatory T lymphocytes.
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Which class of tissue graft is the LEAST likely to be accepted by a patient's body?
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Xenograft Xenografts are tissues that are transplanted from one species to another species (i.e., transplanting baboon tissue into a human). Upon transplantation into a patient, these grafts are readily recognized as foreign by the patient's immune system. Thus, xenografts are not generally accepted by the patient's body, and they consequently have a high rate of failure.
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Which type of chemical induces fever?
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Pyrogens Pyrogens induce a change in the body's set point for temperature regulation.
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Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
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Opsonization Complement proteins stimulate inflammation, serve as opsonins to aid in the phagocytosis of targeted antigens, and facilitate cytolysis.
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With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis?
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Opsonins. Opsonins are needed to provide a gripping point on some cells that have capsules or other defenses against adherence by phagocytes.
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Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells?
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Histamine Histamine is one of the products produced by mast cells to moderate inflammation. It is also released by basophils, which are similar to mast cells but reside in the blood.
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What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?
What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?
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Constant (C) region The constant region, which includes parts of each heavy and light chain, is identical to other molecules in its class but differ between classes.
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What characterizes the diapedesis phase of phagocyte mobilization?
What characterizes the diapedesis phase of phagocyte mobilization?
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Neutrophils flatten to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls. The flattening of neutrophils and subsequent movement through the vessel wall is in response to cell adhesion molecules on endothelial cells.
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Which of these mechanisms do cytotoxic T (TC) cells use to destroy a target--that is, deliver a lethal hit
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Perforation of the membrane Perforin molecules released by the cytotoxic T cause the formation of pores in the target membrane, leading to the cell's death. T cells can also cause apoptosis (cell lysis)
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Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells (APC)?
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B Cells B cells can present antigens to helper T cells
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What class of antibody acts to clump red blood cells because of a transfusion of mismatched blood?
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Immunoglobulin M (IgM) IgM is the only antibody that forms a pentamer; it is found in circulating plasma. It is responsible for the negative reaction to an incompatible ABO blood type during a transfusion.
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Vaccines provide what type of immunity?
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Artificial Active Artificial immunity is achieved by man made mechanisms. Artificial active immunity is a situation in which the individual made the antibodies after being immunized with an attenuated or dead pathogen.
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What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have no yet been infected?
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Interferon Interferon is a small protein that can stimulate nearby healthy cells to defend themselves against viral infection.
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Which type of T cell will recognize antigens associated with an organ transplant?
Which type of T cell will recognize antigens associated with an organ transplant?
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Cytotoxic T cells Cytotoxic T (TC) cells can distinguish between self cells and those from the transplanted tissue. If a cytotoxic T cell recognizes its own antigen on a transplanted cell, the T cell will destroy it, leading to organ rejection
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Which of the following activate CD8 cells?
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Antigen fragments on class I MHC Proteins T cells bearing CD8 Receptors are activated by cells presenting endogenous antigens on class I MHC proteins.
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Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?
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Edema (swelling) Edema is caused when release of fluids from blood vessels exceeds their uptake. Not only is blood flow increased to inflamed areas, but capillaries are made more permeable to fluid, resulting in loss of fluid from blood and tissue swelling.
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Which of the following should produce naturally acquired, active immunity?
Which of the following should produce naturally acquired, active immunity?
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Recovering from the chicken pox Exposure to an antigen provides naturally acquired active immunity.
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Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
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Dendritic Cells Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that engulf antigens and then present fragments of them to their own surfaces, where T cells can recognize them.
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Which of the following provides a first line of defence against pathogens?
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Intact skin and mucous membranes
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The antivenom used to treat venomous snake bites is an antibody produced in an animal such as a horse. Suppose these antibodies are injected into a patient who has been bitten by a venomous snake--how would you classify the resulting humoral immunity?
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passive immunity, artificially acquired The immunity to venom (usually short lived--the protection ends once the antibodies are naturally degraded by the body) is passive because the patient did not produce the antibodies, and it is artificially acquired since it was injected during a medical process.
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Treatment of an abscess often requires that it be surgically drained because ______.
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The wall of the abscess prevents neutrophils from entering the pus and attacking the pathogens
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Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity?
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Vaccines Vaccines induce the patient to produce antibodies, so the resulting immunity is active, but it is artificially
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What type of immune system cell performs the most phagocytosis in the body?
What type of immune system cell performs the most phagocytosis in the body?
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macrophages Macrophages, or "big eaters" perform most of the phagocytic activity in the body, ingesting bacteria, cellular debris, aging blood cells, and others.
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Which of the following statements regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response is true?
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A primary immune response is initiated when naive lymphocytes are exposed to foreign antigens. Since naive cells are being stimulated, the response is slower to progress than a secondary response in which memory lymphocytes are activated. In addition to being slower than the secondary response, the primary response yields fewer antibodies than a secondary response. Furthermore, primary response antibodies do not bind to antigens as efficiently as the antibodies produced in a secondary response. Lastly, a secondary response tends to last longer than a primary response.
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Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?
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Mast Cells
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Adaptive defenses require us to use what molecules that can identify whether a cell is a self or nonself cell?
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Antibodies
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How does a lymphocyte exhibit immunocompetence?
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by being able to recognize their one specific antigen All lymphocytes must be able to recognize their own antigen in order to be effective. This ability is called immunocompetence.
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Where does most exogenous antigen presentation take place?
Where does most exogenous antigen presentation take place?
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in lymphoid tissues and organs Most exogenous antigen presentation to T cells occurs in lymphoid tissues and organs located throughout the body, to which it is transported by dendritic cells.
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Enables quick and efficent responses to secondary exposure to antigen
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Memory Cell
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Absence results in no immune response
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Helper T cell
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Forms Antibody producing cells
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B cell
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Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells
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Cytotoxic T Cell
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Slows or stops immune response
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Regulatory T Cell
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Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
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Dendritic Cells Dendritic Cells are antigen presenting cells that engulf antigens and then present fragments of them to their own surfaces, where T cells can recognize them.
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Which of the following statements regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response is true?
answer
A primary response results when naive lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells. A primary immune response is initiated when naive lymphocytes are exposed to foreign antigens. Since naive cells are being stimulated, the response is slower to progress than a secondary response in which memory lymphocytes are activated. In addition to being slower than the secondary response, the primary response yields fewer antibodies than a secondary response. Furthermore, primary response antibodies do not bind to antigens as efficiently as the antibodies produced in a secondary response. Lastly, a secondary response tends to last longer than a primary response.