Microbiology Chapter 14 And 15

Nonspecific chemical defenses include A. Skin's acidic pH and fatty acids B. All of the choices are correct C. Stomach hydrochloric acid D. Lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat E. Lysozyme

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is A. Lysozyme B. Hydrochloric acid C. Histamine D. Lactic acid E. Bile

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the A. Respiratory tract B. Eyes C. Urinary tract D. Digestive tract E. Skin

This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota A. Urinary tract B. Digestive tract C. Respiratory tract D. Skin E. Eyes

Immune system cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by their A. Cell processes B. Cell wall C. Markers D. Biota E. Skin

The main function of the reticuloendothelial system is to provide A. Filtration of extracellular fluid B. All of the choices are correct C. A connection between tissues and organs D. Surveillance cells E. Filtration of blood

Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function? A. Intracellular fluid B. Reticuloendothelial system C. Lymphatic system D. Blood stream E. Extracellular fluid

The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, contain peroxidase and lysozyme and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are A. Basophils B. Neutrophils C. Eosinophils D. Monocyte E. Lymphocytes

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are A. Basophils B. Neutrophils C. Eosinphils D. Monocyte E. Lymphocytes

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBC's and are the cells that function in the body's immune system? A. Eosinophils B. Lymphocytes C. Monocyte D. Neutrophils E. Basophils

The most numerous WBC's, that have multi-lobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are A. Neutrophils B. Eosinophils C. Basophils D. Monocytes E. Lymphocytes

All of the following pertain to platelets except A. Contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide B. They are not whole cells but are pieces of cells C. Function in blood clotting and inflammation D. Originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes E. They function primarily in hemostasis

Hematopoiesis is the A. Plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding B. Production of only red blood cells C. Loss of blood due to hemorrhaging D. Migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues E. Production of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets

Each of the following are granulocytes except A. All of the choices are granulocytes B. Lymphocytes C. Eosinophils D. Neutrophils E. Basophils

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors. A. Leukocytes B. None of the choices are correct C. Agranulocytes D. Monocytes E. Granulocytes

_____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity. A. Monocytes, Basophils B. B cells, neutrophils C. T cells, B cells D. B cells, T cells E. Basophils, T cells

When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into A. Killer T cells B. Neutrophils C. Macrophages D. Cytotoxic T cells E. Primary phagocytes

A type of monocyte that has long, thin processes to trap pathogens are A. Dendritic cells B. Macrophages C. Mast cells D. Platelets E. Eosinophils

Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood? A. Spleen B. Lymph nodes C. Tonsils D. GALT E. Thymus

Diapedesis is the A. Production of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets B. Loss of blood due to hemorrhaging C. Production of only red blood cells D. Plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding E. Migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except A. Warmth B. Redness C. Chills D. Pain E. Swelling

All the following are events of early inflammation except A. Macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis B. Brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation C. Exudate and pus can accumulate D. Capillaries become more permeable resulting in edema E. Chemical mediators and cytokines are released

Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except A. Vasodilatation B. Chemotaxis C. Diapedesis D. Phagocytosis E. Motility

The leakage of vascular fluid into tissues is called A. Diapedesis B. Pus C. Edema D. Vasoactivity E. Chemotaxis

Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation? A. Destroy microbes B. Start tissue repair C. To cause a fever D. Block further invasion E. Mobilize and attract immune components to injury site

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are A. Lysozymes B. Pyrogens C. Interferons D. Leukotrines E. Complement

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances? A. BALTs B. PAMPs C. Lysosomes D. RES E. MALTs

Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances? A. Nitric oxide B. Superoxide anion C. All of these are used D. Hydrogen peroxide E. Lactic acid

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins? A. Histamine B. Interferon C. Albumin D. Complement

The _____ system of blood proteins act to lyse foreign cells and viruses. A. Lymphoid B. None of the choices are correct C. Cell mediated D. Humoral immunity E. Complement

A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a/an A. Marker B. PAMP C. Antibody D. Antigen E. Hapten

The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called A. Plasma cells B. Bursa cells C. Sensitized T cells D. Antibodies E. Activated macrophages

Helper T cells A. Activate B cells and other T cells B. Secrete antibodies C. Suppress immune reactions D. Function in allergic reactions E. Directly destroy target cells

What type of cells secrete antibodies? A. Helper T-cells B. Plasma cells C. Antigen-presenting cells D. Cytotoxic T-cells E. B cells

Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions A. Function in recognition of self molecules B. Receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system C. Are the result of genetic expression D. All of the choices are correct E. Aid in cellular development

Class II MHC genes code for A. All of the choices are correct B. All HLA antigens C. Receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells D. Certain secreted complement components E. Self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes

The histocompatibility complex proteins function in A. Recognition of self B. T cell maturation C. B cell maturation D. Antibody proliferation E. None of the choices are correct

Lymphocytes A. Develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity B. Have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens C. Gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self D. Possess MHC antigens for recognizing self E. All of the choices are correct

The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly varied from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the A. Variable region B. Light region C. Joining region D. Hinge region E. Constant region

Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed A. Antigen binding site B. Hapten C. None of the choices are correct D. Epitope E. Variable region

Superantigens are A. Those that evoke allergic reactions B. Bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens C. Body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign D. None of the choices are correct E. Cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members

Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called A. Allergens B. Heterophilic antigens C. Autoantigens D. None of the choices are correct E. Superantigens

Antigen presenting cells A. Hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface B. Include dendritic cells C. Engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic D. Include macrophages E. All of the choices are correct

Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity? A. Anamnestic response B. Agglutination C. Neutralization D. Opsonization E. Complement fixation

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates? A. Agglutination B. Complement fixation C. Neutralization D. Anamnestic response E. Opsonization

The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is A. IgA B. IgD C. IgE D. IgG E. IgM

The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum and other body secretions is A. IgG B. IgM C. IgE D. IgD E. IgA

_____ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum. A. IgA B. IgG C. IgM D. IgE E. IgD

All nucleated cells contain___. A. Class II MHC B. Secretory antibodies C. Class I MHC D. IgE receptors

An activated TH cell produces ___ which is a growth factor for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. A. Antiserum B. Interleukin-2 C. Complement D. Interleukin-1 E. Interleukin-12

Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and are cells that attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells? A. Natural killer (NK) cells B. Cytotoxic T cells C. Suppressor T cells D. Delayed hypersensitivity T cells E. Helper T cells

The beauty of specific immunity is the production of ____ that provides long-lasting protection A. Phagocytotic cells B. T helper cells C. Plasma cells D. Antibodies E. Memory cells

An example of artificial passive immunity would be A. Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity B. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta C. Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease D. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox E. None of the choices are correct

An example of natural passive immunity would be A. None of the choices are correct B. Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease C. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta D. Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity E. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox

An example of artificial active immunity would be A. None of the choices are correct B. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta C. Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease D. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox E. Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity

An example of natural active immunity would be A. Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease B. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox C. Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity D. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta E. None of the choices are correct

Immunotherapy is the A. All of the choices are correct B. Conferring of passive immunity C. Use of immune serum globulin D. Use of antitoxins E. Administering of preformed antibodies

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines A. Contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules B. Confer passive immunity C. Utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen D. Contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses E. Are always genetically engineered

Vaccinia virus is often used in the technique to make A. Adjuvant B. Booster C. Antibodies to toxin D. Gamma globulin E. "Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine

During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis? A. Tertiary B. Primary C. Secondary D. Quaternary

Components of the first line of defense include all the following except A. Phagocytic white blood cells B. Flushing action of tears and blinking C. The tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin D. Nasal hairs E. Flushing action of urine

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for A. All of the choices are correct B. Destruction of foreign material C. Recognition of foreign material D. Surveillance of the body

Plasma cells A. All of the choices are correct B. Function in cell-mediated immunity C. Function in blood clotting D. Are derived from T-lymphocytes E. Produce and secrete antibodies

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin and neck? A. GALT B. Tonsils C. Thymus D. Spleen E. Lymph nodes

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as A. GALT B. Thymus C. Spleen D. Lymph nodes E. Tonsils

Each of the following are benefits of fever except A. It increases phagocytosis B. It stimulates hematopoiesis C. It reduces the ability of temperature sensitive organisms to multiply D. It increases the availability of iron E. It increases metabolism

Which of the following is not an event of phagocytosis? A. Ingestion B. Diapedesis C. Phagolysosome formation D. Destruction E. Chemotaxis

Acquired specific immunity involves the response of A. B and C lymphocytes B. Skin barriers C. Lysozyme D. Interferon E. Mucus membrane

The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a/an A. Antigen binding site B. Variable region C. Hapten D. None of the choices are correct E. Epitope

Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site? A. Adjuvant B. "Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine C. Antibodies to toxin D. Gamma gobulin E. Booster

What process provides many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens? A. Antigen expression B. Antibody production C. Opsonization D. Clonal expansion E. Antigen presentation

Which of the following is not a target for TC cells? A. Cancer B. Bacteria C. Human transplanted liver D. Pig transplanted heart E. Virus infected cells

Cytotoxic T cells A. Lack specificity for antigen B. All of the choices are correct C. Are activated by antigens D. Secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells E. Secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells

The immunoglobulins found on the surface of B cells is/are A. IgD and IgE B. IgM only C. IgD only D. IgG only E. IgM and IgD