What structures are major components of the lymphatic system?
lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs
blood vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs
lymphatic and systemic capillaries
lymphatic vessels and blood vessels
answer
lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs
question
What happens to the fluid filtered from blood capillaries?
It enters lymphatic vessels and is returned to the bloodstream.
It is excreted in sweat.
The spleen returns the fluid to the bloodstream.
It is excreted as urine.
answer
It enters lymphatic vessels and is returned to the bloodstream.
question
What tissue or organ filters lymph?
tonsils
Peyer's patches
lymph node
spleen
answer
lymph node
question
Klas has lung cancer and the fear is that the cancer may be spreading through his lymphatic system. What is one sign that this may have happened?
There are abscesses in the walls of his lungs.
His lymph nodes are swollen and hard but not painful.
There are increased concentrations of histamine in his blood.
He has decreased concentrations of B and T cells.
answer
His lymph nodes are swollen and hard but not painful.
question
What lymphoid organ produces hormones that direct the maturation of T lymphocytes?
spleen
thymus
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
tonsil
answer
thymus
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Which inflammatory process is triggered by histamine?
dilation of vessels
secretion of lysozyme
activation of complement
activation of antibodies
answer
dilation of vessels
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What is the benefit of a moderate fever?
activates complement
triggers inflammation
inhibits bacterial growth
increases heart rate
answer
inhibits bacterial growth
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What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells?
destroy any cancer- or virally infected cell
act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
destroy grafted or transplanted tissues
direct the activities of other immune cells
answer
destroy any cancer- or virally infected cell
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What is the function of histamine?
activates complement
triggers inflammatory response
triggers fever
enzymatically destroys bacteria
answer
triggers inflammatory response
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What is the function of complement proteins?
activate antibodies
stimulate fever
interfere with viral replication
bind to foreign cells and punch holes in their surfaces
answer
bind to foreign cells and punch holes in their surfaces
question
How do phagocytic cells protect the body from invading pathogens?
They secrete antibodies into body fluids.
They activate complement proteins.
They remove and destroy pathogens that breach the membrane barrier.
They secrete interferon.
answer
They remove and destroy pathogens that breach the membrane barrier.
question
Which of the following is NOT found in high concentrations in pus?
bacteria
cytotoxic T cells
neutrophils
All of these are found in high concentrations in pus.
answer
cytotoxic T cells
question
What two cell types provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity against specific foreign antigens?
helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
B and T lymphocytes
T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
antigen-presenting cells and B lymphocytes
answer
B and T lymphocytes
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Which cells stimulate the antibody-secreting cells and cytotoxic T cells?
helper T cells
memory cells
regulatory cells
plasma cells
answer
helper T cells
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Which of these is found on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
fragments of foreign pathogens ingested by the cell
self-antigen
antibodies
cytokines
answer
fragments of foreign pathogens ingested by the cell
question
How do antibodies help phagocytes remove soluble foreign antigens?
They bind to soluble antigens so that these antigens precipitate out of solution.
They agglutinate foreign cells.
They bind to and activate complement proteins on the bacterial surface.
They cover the active surface of bacteria and viruses.
answer
They bind to soluble antigens so that these antigens precipitate out of solution.
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What class of antibodies functions as antigen receptors on B cells and form large complexes that can agglutinate cells?
IgG
IgM
IgE
IgA
answer
IgM
question
What type of T cell directly attacks infected cells?
cytotoxic T cells
plasma cells
helper T cells
suppressor T cells
answer
cytotoxic T cells
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What role do plasma cells play in the immune response?
secrete antibodies into body fluids
secrete perforins to destroy abnormal cells
present antigens to immune cells
secrete cytokines
answer
secrete antibodies into body fluids
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What is the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
activate T lymphocytes
produce antibodies
stimulate complement fixation
directly attack infected cells
answer
activate T lymphocytes
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What is humoral immunity?
antibody-mediated immune response
response to cytokines
immune response of T lymphocytes
action of natural killer (NK) cells
answer
antibody-mediated immune response
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What type of immunity do vaccines provide?
passive, naturally acquired immunity
active, artificially acquired immunity
active, naturally acquired immunity
passive, artificially acquired immunity
answer
active, artificially acquired immunity
question
What antibody class is most abundant in plasma, is important in fixing complement, and crosses the placenta to provide protection to a newborn?
IgE
IgG
IgA
IgM
answer
IgG
question
What are the substances that activate the immune system called?
antigens
complement proteins
antibodies
interferons
answer
antigens
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What condition occurs when the body makes antibodies against self-antigens?
autoimmune disease
allergy
hypersensitivity
immunosuppression
answer
autoimmune disease
question
A penicillin reaction is a life-threatening event. In those who are allergic to penicillin, the drug acts as a __________ that binds to blood proteins, causing a strong immune response.
plasma cell
hapten
cytotoxic T cell
memory cell
answer
hapten
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Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?
lung cancer
multiple sclerosis (MS)
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
type 1 diabetes mellitus
answer
lung cancer
question
Which of the following is NOT involved in acute hypersensitivity?
IgE antibodies
cytokinins
histamine
mast cells
answer
cytokinins
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In an allergic person, which of the following would result in anaphylactic shock?
inhaled pollen
orally ingested antibiotic
bee sting
All of these would cause anaphylactic shock.
answer
bee sting
question
HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, targets and destroys __________.
helper T cells
memory cells
cytotoxic T cells
B cells
answer
helper T cells
question
There are two separate but overlapping arms of the adaptive defense system--humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Describe each type using the phrases below.
answer
Humoral Immunity- Protection of Antibodies
Can be actively of passively acquired
Cellular Immunity- Protection by living cells
Both- Antigen specific, Systemic Immunity, Has "memory", Development of self tolerance
question
The major role of APCs in immunity is to engulf antigens and then present fragments of them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by T cells. Antigen presentation is essential for activation and clonal selection of the T cells.
answer
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes respond to specific antigens.
2. Macrophages and Dendritic cells eat and present antigens to other cells.
3. Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes bind directly to free antigens.
4. Macrophages and Dendritic cells activate helper T cells.
question
In order to be part of cell-mediated immunity, lymphocytes must mature from the naive form in which they are produced to immunocompetent cells ready to act against antigens. Where does this occur?
answer
Thymus: site where T cells gain immunocompetence
Circulation: site where antigen-activated immunocompetent cells respond
Red bone marrow: site where B cells gain immunocompentence
Lymphoid tissues: site where lymphocytes encounter antigens and activate
Red bone marrow: site where immature (naive) lymphocytes are produced
Circulation: site where only self-tolerant cells are found
question
Unlike B cells, T cells are not able to bind with free antigens. Instead, the antigens must be "presented" by an APC and a double recognition must occur. T cells are a diverse family of related cells derived from a progenitor that have different functions in cell-mediated immunity.
answer
Helper T cell binds to a macrophage and processed antigen in a double recognition step.
Regulatory T cell slows the T cell response once the antigen has been controlled.
Memory T cell circulates throughout the body watching for a foreign antigen it has seen before.
Cytotoxic T cell recognizes viral protein on the surface of an infected cell and releases perforins and granzymes.
question
Cells that specialize in killing virus-infected, cancerous, or foreign graft cells are called cytotoxic, or killer, T cells. How do they carry out their function?
answer
Cytotoxic T cell binds antigen.
Perforins are released.
Pores are formed
in target membrane.
Granzymes digest
target components.
Cytotoxic T cell detaches.
question
Adaptive immunity comprises two branches: humoral immunity and cellular immunity. What are the characteristics of each of the two arms of the adaptive defense system?
answer
Cellular Immunity- Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, Immunocompetence develops in Thymus, Activated by exposure of APC
Humoral Immunity- Prsduces Antibodies, B lymphocytes,
Immunocompetence develops in bone marrow
Both- Responds to specific Antigens, originates from hemocytoblasts in red marrow, Immunocompetence cells found in Lymphoid tissue
question
Monoclonal antibodies are commercial preparations of a pure antibody that reacts to a single antigen. Which of these are examples of current uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Select all that apply.
diagnosis pregnancy
early cancer diagnosis
deliver drugs to fight cancer
treat rabies
treat hepatitis
answer
diagnosis pregnancy
early cancer diagnosis
deliver drugs to fight cancer
question
Why are the elderly more susceptible to infection and cancers?
because the efficiency of the immune response decreases in old age
because immune cells proliferate in old age
because thinning of the skin increases the number of bacteria that breach this barrier
because the efficiency of the immune system increases with age
answer
because the efficiency of the immune response decreases in old age
question
Where do lymphatic vessels originate during fetal development?
They bud from arterioles of the cardiovascular system.
Cells from the spleen migrate and form tubes that parallel blood vessels.
They bud from veins of the cardiovascular system.
They grow out from lymph nodes.
answer
They bud from veins of the cardiovascular system.
question
As with many other body systems, immune system function decreases with age. Which of the following statements describe(s) the effects of aging on immunity?
Select all correct answers.
Immunodeficiency disease is less likely to occur.
Antibody production increases.
The chance of developing an autoimmune disease increases.
Cancer becomes more common.
answer
The chance of developing an autoimmune disease increases.
Cancer becomes more common.
question
The lymphatic system includes vessels and organs to transport fluids and defense elements. Which of the following statements describe(s) its development?
Select all correct statements.
Lymph organs are all formed from lymph nodes.
The thymus and spleen are the first lymph organs to appear in the embryo.
Lymphatic vessels are formed from veins beginning before the fifth week of development.
Lymphocytes populate lymphatic tissues and organs by the fifth week of development.
Shortly after birth, lymphocytes are common in lymphoid organs.
answer
The thymus and spleen are the first lymph organs to appear in the embryo.
Lymphatic vessels are formed from veins beginning before the fifth week of development.
Shortly after birth, lymphocytes are common in lymphoid organs.
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