Essentials Of Human Anatomy And Physiology(11) Activity Lab 12

25 July 2022
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question
What structures are major components of the lymphatic system? lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs blood vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs lymphatic and systemic capillaries lymphatic vessels and blood vessels
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lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs
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What happens to the fluid filtered from blood capillaries? It enters lymphatic vessels and is returned to the bloodstream. It is excreted in sweat. The spleen returns the fluid to the bloodstream. It is excreted as urine.
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It enters lymphatic vessels and is returned to the bloodstream.
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What tissue or organ filters lymph? tonsils Peyer's patches lymph node spleen
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lymph node
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Klas has lung cancer and the fear is that the cancer may be spreading through his lymphatic system. What is one sign that this may have happened? There are abscesses in the walls of his lungs. His lymph nodes are swollen and hard but not painful. There are increased concentrations of histamine in his blood. He has decreased concentrations of B and T cells.
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His lymph nodes are swollen and hard but not painful.
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What lymphoid organ produces hormones that direct the maturation of T lymphocytes? spleen thymus mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue tonsil
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thymus
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Which inflammatory process is triggered by histamine? dilation of vessels secretion of lysozyme activation of complement activation of antibodies
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dilation of vessels
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What is the benefit of a moderate fever? activates complement triggers inflammation inhibits bacterial growth increases heart rate
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inhibits bacterial growth
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What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells? destroy any cancer- or virally infected cell act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) destroy grafted or transplanted tissues direct the activities of other immune cells
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destroy any cancer- or virally infected cell
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What is the function of histamine? activates complement triggers inflammatory response triggers fever enzymatically destroys bacteria
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triggers inflammatory response
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What is the function of complement proteins? activate antibodies stimulate fever interfere with viral replication bind to foreign cells and punch holes in their surfaces
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bind to foreign cells and punch holes in their surfaces
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How do phagocytic cells protect the body from invading pathogens? They secrete antibodies into body fluids. They activate complement proteins. They remove and destroy pathogens that breach the membrane barrier. They secrete interferon.
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They remove and destroy pathogens that breach the membrane barrier.
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Which of the following is NOT found in high concentrations in pus? bacteria cytotoxic T cells neutrophils All of these are found in high concentrations in pus.
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cytotoxic T cells
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What two cell types provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity against specific foreign antigens? helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells B and T lymphocytes T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells antigen-presenting cells and B lymphocytes
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B and T lymphocytes
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Which cells stimulate the antibody-secreting cells and cytotoxic T cells? helper T cells memory cells regulatory cells plasma cells
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helper T cells
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Which of these is found on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)? fragments of foreign pathogens ingested by the cell self-antigen antibodies cytokines
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fragments of foreign pathogens ingested by the cell
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How do antibodies help phagocytes remove soluble foreign antigens? They bind to soluble antigens so that these antigens precipitate out of solution. They agglutinate foreign cells. They bind to and activate complement proteins on the bacterial surface. They cover the active surface of bacteria and viruses.
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They bind to soluble antigens so that these antigens precipitate out of solution.
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What class of antibodies functions as antigen receptors on B cells and form large complexes that can agglutinate cells? IgG IgM IgE IgA
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IgM
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What type of T cell directly attacks infected cells? cytotoxic T cells plasma cells helper T cells suppressor T cells
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cytotoxic T cells
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What role do plasma cells play in the immune response? secrete antibodies into body fluids secrete perforins to destroy abnormal cells present antigens to immune cells secrete cytokines
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secrete antibodies into body fluids
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What is the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? activate T lymphocytes produce antibodies stimulate complement fixation directly attack infected cells
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activate T lymphocytes
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What is humoral immunity? antibody-mediated immune response response to cytokines immune response of T lymphocytes action of natural killer (NK) cells
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antibody-mediated immune response
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What type of immunity do vaccines provide? passive, naturally acquired immunity active, artificially acquired immunity active, naturally acquired immunity passive, artificially acquired immunity
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active, artificially acquired immunity
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What antibody class is most abundant in plasma, is important in fixing complement, and crosses the placenta to provide protection to a newborn? IgE IgG IgA IgM
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IgG
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What are the substances that activate the immune system called? antigens complement proteins antibodies interferons
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antigens
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What condition occurs when the body makes antibodies against self-antigens? autoimmune disease allergy hypersensitivity immunosuppression
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autoimmune disease
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A penicillin reaction is a life-threatening event. In those who are allergic to penicillin, the drug acts as a __________ that binds to blood proteins, causing a strong immune response. plasma cell hapten cytotoxic T cell memory cell
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hapten
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Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? lung cancer multiple sclerosis (MS) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) type 1 diabetes mellitus
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lung cancer
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Which of the following is NOT involved in acute hypersensitivity? IgE antibodies cytokinins histamine mast cells
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cytokinins
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In an allergic person, which of the following would result in anaphylactic shock? inhaled pollen orally ingested antibiotic bee sting All of these would cause anaphylactic shock.
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bee sting
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HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, targets and destroys __________. helper T cells memory cells cytotoxic T cells B cells
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helper T cells
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There are two separate but overlapping arms of the adaptive defense system--humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Describe each type using the phrases below.
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Humoral Immunity- Protection of Antibodies Can be actively of passively acquired Cellular Immunity- Protection by living cells Both- Antigen specific, Systemic Immunity, Has "memory", Development of self tolerance
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The major role of APCs in immunity is to engulf antigens and then present fragments of them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by T cells. Antigen presentation is essential for activation and clonal selection of the T cells.
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T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes respond to specific antigens. 2. Macrophages and Dendritic cells eat and present antigens to other cells. 3. Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes bind directly to free antigens. 4. Macrophages and Dendritic cells activate helper T cells.
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In order to be part of cell-mediated immunity, lymphocytes must mature from the naive form in which they are produced to immunocompetent cells ready to act against antigens. Where does this occur?
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Thymus: site where T cells gain immunocompetence Circulation: site where antigen-activated immunocompetent cells respond Red bone marrow: site where B cells gain immunocompentence Lymphoid tissues: site where lymphocytes encounter antigens and activate Red bone marrow: site where immature (naive) lymphocytes are produced Circulation: site where only self-tolerant cells are found
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Unlike B cells, T cells are not able to bind with free antigens. Instead, the antigens must be "presented" by an APC and a double recognition must occur. T cells are a diverse family of related cells derived from a progenitor that have different functions in cell-mediated immunity.
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Helper T cell binds to a macrophage and processed antigen in a double recognition step. Regulatory T cell slows the T cell response once the antigen has been controlled. Memory T cell circulates throughout the body watching for a foreign antigen it has seen before. Cytotoxic T cell recognizes viral protein on the surface of an infected cell and releases perforins and granzymes.
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Cells that specialize in killing virus-infected, cancerous, or foreign graft cells are called cytotoxic, or killer, T cells. How do they carry out their function?
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Cytotoxic T cell binds antigen. Perforins are released. Pores are formed in target membrane. Granzymes digest target components. Cytotoxic T cell detaches.
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Adaptive immunity comprises two branches: humoral immunity and cellular immunity. What are the characteristics of each of the two arms of the adaptive defense system?
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Cellular Immunity- Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, Immunocompetence develops in Thymus, Activated by exposure of APC Humoral Immunity- Prsduces Antibodies, B lymphocytes, Immunocompetence develops in bone marrow Both- Responds to specific Antigens, originates from hemocytoblasts in red marrow, Immunocompetence cells found in Lymphoid tissue
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Monoclonal antibodies are commercial preparations of a pure antibody that reacts to a single antigen. Which of these are examples of current uses of monoclonal antibodies? Select all that apply. diagnosis pregnancy early cancer diagnosis deliver drugs to fight cancer treat rabies treat hepatitis
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diagnosis pregnancy early cancer diagnosis deliver drugs to fight cancer
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Why are the elderly more susceptible to infection and cancers? because the efficiency of the immune response decreases in old age because immune cells proliferate in old age because thinning of the skin increases the number of bacteria that breach this barrier because the efficiency of the immune system increases with age
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because the efficiency of the immune response decreases in old age
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Where do lymphatic vessels originate during fetal development? They bud from arterioles of the cardiovascular system. Cells from the spleen migrate and form tubes that parallel blood vessels. They bud from veins of the cardiovascular system. They grow out from lymph nodes.
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They bud from veins of the cardiovascular system.
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As with many other body systems, immune system function decreases with age. Which of the following statements describe(s) the effects of aging on immunity? Select all correct answers. Immunodeficiency disease is less likely to occur. Antibody production increases. The chance of developing an autoimmune disease increases. Cancer becomes more common.
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The chance of developing an autoimmune disease increases. Cancer becomes more common.
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The lymphatic system includes vessels and organs to transport fluids and defense elements. Which of the following statements describe(s) its development? Select all correct statements. Lymph organs are all formed from lymph nodes. The thymus and spleen are the first lymph organs to appear in the embryo. Lymphatic vessels are formed from veins beginning before the fifth week of development. Lymphocytes populate lymphatic tissues and organs by the fifth week of development. Shortly after birth, lymphocytes are common in lymphoid organs.
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The thymus and spleen are the first lymph organs to appear in the embryo. Lymphatic vessels are formed from veins beginning before the fifth week of development. Shortly after birth, lymphocytes are common in lymphoid organs.