Chapter 23 Urinary (CML2467)

In life-threatening starvation, the kidneys synthesize glucose by a. Secreting erythropoietin b. Secreting rennin c. Deaminating amino acids d. Contributing to calcium homeostasis e. Producing uric acid

This byproduct of protein catabolism constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous wastes a. Urea b. Creatinine c. Uric acid d. Azotemia e. Ammonia

Which organ system does not excrete waste? a. The urinary system b. The cardiovascular system c. The integumentary system d. The digestive system e. The respiratory system

Which is not a function of the kidneys? a. They regulate osmolarity of the body fluids b. They fight osteoporosis by synthesizing vitamin D c. They help control blood pressure d. They release waste into the bloodstream e. They indirectly increase oxyhemoglobin

Which of the following is not an organ of the urinary system? a. Urethra b. Collecting duct c. Ureter d. Urinary bladder e. Kidney

A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of midback pain. X rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder? a. Pyuria b. Hematuria c. Albuminuria d. Uremia e. Phenylketonuria

The innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney and assisting in staving off infection is known as a. The perirenal fat capsule b. The renal fascia c. The hilum d. The fibrous capsule e. The renal medulla

A single lobe of a kidney is comprised of a. Two calyces and a renal pelvis b. One pyramid and the overlying cortex c. One major calyx and all of its minor calyces d. A renal medulla and two renal columns e. One collecting duct and all nephrons that drain into it

A renal pyramid voids urine into a. The minor calyx b. The major calyx c. The renal medulla d. The renal papilla e. The ureter

Which of these correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex? a. Arcuate a. → interlobar a. → arfferent arteriole → interlobular a. b. Interlobar a. → interlobular a. → segmental a. → arcuate a. c. Segmental a. → interlobar a. → arcuate a. → interlobular a. d. Afferent arteriole → interlobular a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a. e. Segmental a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a. → interlobular a.

The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the: a. Glomerulus b. Medulla c. Cortical radiate veins d. Peritubular capillaries e. Vasa recta

The average person has approximately __________ nephrons per kidney a. 1.2 million b. 2.4 million c. 3.6 million d. 4.8 million e. 5.6 million

Which of these correctly traces blood flow from the renal cortex to the renal vein? a. interlobular v. → interlobar v. → segmental v. → renal v. b. arcuate v. → interlobar v. → segmental v. → renal v. c. interlobar v. → interlobular v. → arcuate v. → renal v. d. segmental v. → arcuate v. → interlobar v. → renal v. e. interlobular v. → arcuate v. → interlobar v. → renal v.

Blood plasma is filtered in a. The renal tubule b. The renal corpuscle c. The renal capsule d. The renal column e. The renal calyx

Which of these form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus? a. Macula densa cells b. Mesangial cells c. Nephrocytes d. Podocytes e. Monocytes

All of the following are composed of cuboidal epithelium with the exception of a. The thin segment of the nephron loop b. The thick segment of the nephron loop c. The collecting duct d. The proximal convoluted tubule e. The distal convoluted tubule

Which are primarily responsible for maintain the salinity gradient of the renal medulla? a. Cortical nephrons b. Juxtamedullary nephrons c. Collecting ducts d. Proximal convoluted tubules e. Distal convoluted tubules

In the nephron, the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as a. Plasma b. Glomerular filtrate c. Tubular fluid d. Renal filtrate e. Medullary filtrate

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by a. The renal corpuscle b. The proximal convoluted tubule c. The distal convoluted tubule d. The glomerular capillaries e. The collecting duct

In a healthy kidney, very little _________ is filtered by the glomerulus a. Amino acids b. Electrolytes c. Glucose d. Vitamins e. Protein

Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? a. Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole b. A drop in oncotic pressure c. Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole d. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole e. An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule

The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as what? a. Renal autoregulation b. The myogenic mechanism c. Tubuloglomerular feedback d. Sympathetic control e. The rennin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism

In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, _________ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet. a. Azotemia b. Sodium chloride c. Parathyroid hormone d. Aldosterone e. Angiotensin II

Assuming all other values are normal, calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mm Hg a. 10 mm Hg out b. 20 mm Hg out c. 30 mm hg out d. 40 mm Hg out e. 50 mm Hg out

Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen released from the _______ to form angiotensin I a. Lungs b. Kidneys c. Liver d. Heart e. Spleen

Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here, the _______ of all the nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption a. Proximal convoluted tubules b. Distal convolutes tubules c. Loops of Henle d. Collecting ducts e. Glomeruli

Proximal convoluted tubules are responsible for reabsorbing all of the following except: a. Potassium b. Sodium chloride c. Hydrogen ions d. Urea e. Water

Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in a. Reabsorption of all the solute b. A renal clearance of zero c. A net filtration pressure of 1.0 d. Appearance of that solute in the urine e. Absence of that solute from the urine

Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormones? a. Decreased urine volume b. Decreased urine molarity c. Increased urine volume d. Increased urine salinity e. Increased urine acidity

Aldosterone acts on a. The proximal convoluted tubule b. The medullary portion of the collecting duct c. The descending limb of the nephron loop d. The distal convoluted tubule e. The glomerulus

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood volume and pressure by all of the following means except a. Increasing glomerular filtration rate b. Inhibiting renin and aldosterone secretion c. Inhibiting the action of ADH on the kidney d. Inhibiting NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct e. Preventing sodium loss in the urine

Hypocalcemia stimulates a. A decrease in aldosterone production b. Secretion of parathyroid hormone c. Secretion of renin d. An increase in blood urea nitrogen e. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles

Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through? a. Glomerulus b. Proximal convoluted tubule c. Distal convoluted tubule d. Collecting duct e. Nephron loop

The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when a. The body's water volume is high b. The body's pH is low c. The output of antidiuretic hormone is high d. The output of natriuretic peptides is high e. A person is lost and deprived of drinking water

Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation? a. The collecting duct b. The countercurrent multiplier c. The countercurrent exchange system d. Diuretics e. The length of the nephrons

The countercurrent multiplier recaptures ________ and is based on fluid flowing in _________ direction in two adjacent tubules a. Potassium; the same b. Calcium; the opposite c. Calcium; the same d. Sodium; the opposite e. Sodium; the same

The overall purpose of the countercurrent exchange system is a. To supply salt and urea to the renal medulla b. To supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal cortex c. To supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal medulla d. To remove metabolic wastes from the renal cortex e. To remove metabolic wastes from the renal medulla

Which of these induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume? a. Aldosterone b. Antidiuretic hormone c. Parathyroid hormone d. Norepinephrine e. Angiotensin II

Normal urine from a healthy person can be expected to contain all of the following except: a. Creatine b. Urobilin c. Glucose d. Ammonia e. Magnesium

What is the term for the pigment responsible for the color of urine? a. Monochrome b. Urochrome c. Cyanochrome d. Multichrome e. Pyuria

The minimum daily output of urine to meet the definition of polyuria is: a. 0.5 L b. 1.0 L c. 1.5 L d. 2.0 L e. 3.0 L

Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of: a. Diabetes insipidus b. Acute glomerulonephritis c. Diabetes mellitus d. Renal calculus e. Pyelitis

Loop diuretics reduce body water context by acting on: a. The feedback loop between the kidney and posterior pituitary gland b. The countercurrent multiplier system c. The countercurrent exchanger system d. Aquaporins of the collecting duct e. The thirst mechanism and water intake

A hospital patient produces 4 mL. min of urine with a urea concentration of 8mg/mL. Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of .4 mg/mL. What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filrate? a. 40% b. 56% c. 64% d. 72% e. 80%

Which two substances are most useful for determining a patient's glomerular filtration rate? a. insulin and glucose b. inulin and creatinine c. sodium and water d. albumin and inulin e. insulin and urea

Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min due to the fact that: a. it is absorbed by the loop of Henle. b. it is secreted by the glomerulus. c. it is absorbed by the renal tubules. d. it is secreted by the renal tubules. e. it is produced in the pulmonary tissue.

Which of the following is not found in the ureter? a. Adventitia b. Two layers of smooth muscle c. Three layers of smoother muscle d. Transitional epithelium e. Skeletal muscle

Which muscle is located in the bladder? a. Detrusor b. Distractor c. Pubococcygeus d. corpus spongiosum e. corpus cavernosum

Which is not a portion of the urethra? a. external urethral orifice b. internal urethral sphincter c. prostatic urethra d. membraneous urethra e. spongy urethra

Micturition is another term for: a. the production of nitrogenous wastes b. glomerular filtration c. the countercurrent multiplier process d. inflammation of the urinary bladder e. the elimination of urine

The ureters pass anterior to the bladder and enter it from below

Albuminuria is a common sign of diabetes mellitus

Diseases that affect the descending corticospinal tracts may limit inhibition of the sacral somatic motor neurons and thus could result in urinary incontinence

Ethyl (drinking) alcohol stimulates the secretion of ADH, thereby reducing reabsorption by the collecting duct

Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate excretion by the proximal convoluted tubule as well as promotes synthesis of calcitriol

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism for water conservation was discovered by limiting studies to humans and thus hypothesizing how form determines function

The thick segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water

Glomerular filtration occurs because glomerular oncotic pressure overrides glomerular blood pressure

Angiotensin converting enzyme is found only in the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Cells in the cleft between the afferent and efferent arterioles and among capillaries of the glomerulus are known as mesangial cells

Glomerular capillaries suffer little damage from hypertension because of the protective influence of the afferent arterioles

The fenestrated endothelium of the capillary has pores small enough to exclude blood cells from the filtrate

The most toxic of our metabolic wastes are nitrogenous wastes