Urinary System

Which of the following is not considered a function of the kidneys? regulate blood pH regulate blood pressure produce vitamin A regulate blood volume

The kidneys are at the level of T12-L5. The right kidney is slightly higher than the left one. True False

The kidneys are retroperitoneal along with the _____. liver stomach adrenal glands ascending colon

The kidneys and _____ produce erythropoietin. stomach adrenal gland duodenum bone marrow

The glomerulus is _____. the terminal end of a renal tubule a "tuft" of capillaries a vein the extension of the vasa recta

Bowmans capsule is _____. the terminal of a renal tubule a "tuft" of capillaries a vein the extension of the vasa recta

The loop of Henle is part of the _____. glomerulus renal tubule vasa recta none of the above

A nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. A renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and bowmans capsule. True False

Glomerular filtrate first enters the _____. descending limb ascending limb proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule collecting duct

The _____ arteriole delivers blood to the glomerulus and the _____ removes blood from the glomerulus. efferent; afferent afferent; afferent efferent; efferent none of the above

The macula densa is part of the _____. glomerulus renal tubule renal pelvis modified smooth muscle cells none of the above

The juxtaglomerular cells are part of the _____. glomerulus renal tubule renal pelvis modified smooth muscle cells none of the above

Macula densa cells can detect the concentration of _____ in the filtrate. K H Ca none of the above

The juxtaglomerular cells can secrete _____. aldosterone renin vasodilation substances NaCl none of the above

The first filtrate is formed by glomerular _____ and some of what was removed is returned to the blood by tubular _____. secretion; filtration filtration; secretion reabsorption; secretion secretion; reabsorption filtration; reabsorption none of the above

Tubular secretion places substances into the _____. blood filtrate

Glomerular filtration places substances into the _____. blood filtrate

Tubular reabsorption places substances into the _____. blood filtrate

Which of the following factors will increase glomerular filtration rate? 1. increased blood pressure 2. dilation of afferent arteriole 3. increased capsular hydrostatic pressure 4. reduced blood colloid osmotic pressure 1 and 3 only 1 and 4 only 1,2,3 only 1,2,and 4 all of the above none of the above

Which of the following will increase glomerular filtration rate? 1. constriction of efferent arteriole 2. increased sympathetic nerve activity 3. increased blood colloid osmotic pressure 4. atrial natriuretic peptide 1 and 3 only 1 and 4 only 1,2, and 3 only 1,2 and 4 all of the above none of the above

Which of the following factors will decrease glomerular filtration rate? 1. decreased hydrostatic pressure 2. dilation of afferent arteriole 3. decreasing capsular hydrostatic pressure 4. blockage of the ureter 1,2, and 3 only 2,3, and 4 only 1,3, and 4 only 1 and 4 only

Renin will _____ glomerular filtration. increase decrease

Angiotensin II will ____ glomerular filtration. increase decrease

Conserving a solute places it in the ___. filtrate blood

Osmosis is the movement of water and solute through a membrane. True False

Water will go to the compartment that has the _____ solute concentration. greatest less

The higher the solute concentration the _____ the osmotic pressure of that fluid. higher lower

Sweating will _____ the osmotic pressure of the blood. increase decrease

When an ion is reabsorbed, water _____. will be repelled will follow

ADH is produced in the _____ and released from the _____. pituitary gland; kidney hypothalamus; collecting duct kidneys; collecting ducts cell bodies of the hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland none of the above

ADH causes the cells of the collecting duct to become _____ permeable to water thus _____ reabsorption of water. more; increasing less; increasing more; reducing less; reducing

As the osmotic pressure of the blood _____ ADH is released. increases decreases

If ADH levels decreased dramatically an immediate effect would be _____ urine output. high low

Only a fixed amount of glucose can be reabsorbed. If all of the glucose in not reabsorbed, then glucose remains in the urine causing an increased urine output. This occurs in diabetes insipidus. True False

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the: loop of Henle. glomerular filtration membrane. proximal convoluted tubule. distal convoluted tubule.

Urine passes through the: kidney hilus to the bladder to the ureter. pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra. glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule. hilus to urethra to bladder.

A Bowman's capsule does not contain: a podocyte. a vasa recta. a fenestrated capillary. an efferent arteriole.

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to: a decrease in the production of ADH. an increase in the production of ADH. an increase in the production of aldosterone. a decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. transitional simple squamous stratified squamous pseudostratified columnar

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin: when the peritubular capillaries are dilated. when the pH of the urine decreases. by a decrease in the blood pressure. when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10.

Blood vessels of the renal columns are called: lobar. segmental. interlobar. interlobular.

Which gland sits atop each kidney? adrenal thymus pituitary pancreas

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. lobar arcuate interlobar interlobular

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it: has a basement membrane. is impermeable to most substances. is drained by an efferent arteriole. has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems.

The descending limb of the loop of Henle: is not permeable to water. is freely permeable to sodium and urea. pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla.

Select the correct statement about the ureters. Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch. The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because: it ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently. it stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position. it is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys. it produces vitamin D.

The renal corpuscle is made up of: Bowman's capsule and glomerulus. the descending loop of Henle. the renal pyramid. the renal papilla.

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is: the nephron. the loop of Henle. Bowman's capsule. the basement membrane of the capillaries

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for: the secretion of drugs. the secretion of acids and ammonia. reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water. regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure.

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is: the design and size of the podocytes. the thickness of the capillary endothelium. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure). the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries.

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters? They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia). They are actually an extension of the visceral peritoneum. They are made up of several layers of endothelium. They are made up entirely of muscle tissue because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently.

The first major branch of the renal artery is: arcuate. interlobular. segmental. interlobular.

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? The stretching of the bladder wall serves as the trigger. Motor neurons control micturition. The pressure of the fluid in the bladder opens a sphincter and allows the urine to flow by gravity down the urethra. The sympathetic efferents are the predominant system controlling micturition.

The filtration membrane includes all but: glomerular endothelium. podocytes. renal fascia. basement membrane.

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is: active transport. osmosis. solvent drag. cotransport with sodium ions

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules: is Tm limited. is in the distal convoluted tubule. is hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments. is completed by the time the loop of Henle is reached.

The macula densa cells respond to: aldosterone. antidiuretic hormone. changes in pressure in the tubule. changes in solute content of the filtrate.

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? Na+ K+ glucose creatinine

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it: is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells. increases the rate of glomerular filtration. increases secretion of ADH. inhibits the release of ADH.

The function of angiotensin II is to: constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure. decrease the production of aldosterone. decrease arterial blood pressure. decrease water absorption.

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is: diabetes mellitus. diabetes insipidus. diabetic acidosis. coma.

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is: 1.041-1.073. 1.001-1.035. 1.030-1.040. 1.00-1.015

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

Select the correct statement about the nephrons. The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron. Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? Net filtration would increase above normal. Net filtration would decrease. Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that their filtration would not change.

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? JG cells macula densa podocyte cells mesanglial cells

Tubular reabsorption: includes substances such as creatinine. by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient. by passive processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule to the blood. is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste.

Which statement is true about urine? Urine is usually slightly alkaline. Urine has an ammonialike odor when fresh. Urine has nitrogenous waste such as urea and uric acid. Urine has a yellow color due to the presence of hemoglobin.

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by: facilitated diffusion. passive transport. countertransport. secondary active transport

While the kidneys process about 180 L of blood-derived fluids daily, the amount that actually leaves the body is: 50% all of the 180 L. 1% 100 L.

Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because: fetuses do not have any waste to excrete. there are no functional nephrons until after birth. the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood. there is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development.

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? Kidney function remains the same throughout life Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function. Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is: the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood. the glomerular hydrostatic pressure. the capsular hydrostatic pressure. the myogenic mechanism.

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid: will be actively secreted into the filtrate. will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells. will appear in the urine. will be reabsorbed by secondary active transport.

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? No glucose is filtered out of the blood. All of the glucose is filtered out of the blood. Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. The clearance value of glucose is low but small amounts are lost in the urine.

Excretion of dilute urine requires: relative permeability of the distal tubule to water. impermeability of the collecting tubule to water. transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle. the presence of ADH.

As the renal artery approaches the kidney, it branches to supply the renal tissue. Place the following in correct sequence starting from the renal artery. 1. segmental 2. interlobular 3. arcuate 4. interlobar 1, 4, 3, 2 3, 1, 4, 2 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 4, 2, 3

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle: the thin segment is freely permeable to water. the thick segment is permeable to water. the thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride. the thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption.

Select the correct statement about urinary system development. Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. The metanephric ducts will become the urethras. The pronephros (first tubule) develops during the tenth week of gestation. The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys.

The disruption in homeostasis known as pyelitis is: a virus that appears only in children because of poor hygiene. the aftermath of a severe upper respiratory infection. an infection of the renal pelvis and calyces. more prevalent in the elderly.

Which statement is correct? Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein. Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine. The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood.