Sport Psych Chapter 13 MC

1. Basic imagery training involves a. controllability and awareness b. controllability and vividness c. vividness and relaxation d. relaxation and awareness e. relaxation and controllability

2. Imagery involves which of the following senses? a. visual b. auditory c. kinesthetic d. all of the above e. a and b

3. Which of the following is NOT a use of imagery? a. building confidence b. improving concentration c. reducing the amount of physical practice time d. controlling emotional responses e. coping with pain and injury

4. Research using U.S. and Canadian Olympic athletes has shown that a. approximately 50% of athletes use imagery b. approximately 75% of athletes use imagery c. approximately 95% of athletes use imagery d. approximately 85% of athletes use imagery e. approximately 60% of athletes use imagery

5. Vividly imagined events produce an innervation in muscles that is similar to the innervation produced by physically practicing the movement. This is an illustration of a. symbolic learning theory b. psychoneuromuscular theory c. muscular contraction theory d. innervation theory e. psychodynamic theory

6. Which of the following is (are) true? a. The majority of imagery use occurs during practice and competition. b. Imagery has both motivational and affective roles in changing behavior. c. The most often-used imagery is known as cognitive general imagery. d. all of the above e. a and c

7. Imagery functions as a coding system to help individuals acquire movement patterns. This describes a. symbolic learning theory b. psychoneuromuscular theory c. psychodynamic theory d. psychoinnervation theory e. symbolic interaction theory

8. Suinn's research showing that electrical activity was present in skiers' legs as they imagined skiing down the slope provided support for a. symbolic learning theory b. psychoneuromuscular theory c. psychoinnervation theory d. muscular contraction theory e. innervation theory

9. What theory was supported by the research literature showing that subjects using imagery performed consistently better on tasks that were cognitive than on those that were motoric in nature? a. psychoneuromuscular theory b. symbolic interaction theory c. symbolic learning theory d. psychodynamic theory e. psychoinnervation theory

10. To determine whether using imagery is effective, evidence has been gathered from which of the following methods? a. anecdotal reports b. case studies c. experimental research d. all of the above e. b and c

11. According to the experimental evidence, which of the following is (are) true? a. Imagery is effective in improving the learning and performance of motor skills. b. Tasks involving mostly cognitive components demonstrate the greatest positive benefits. c. Imagery helps individuals only in learning a new skill; it does not help performance once the skill is well learned. d. a and b e. b and c

12. The main reason(s) that exercisers give for using imagery is (are) a. appearance b. energy c. relaxation d. all of the above e. a and b

13. Which of the following athletes use(s) imagery as part of preparation for competition? a. Dwight Stones b. Jean-Claude Killy c. Jack Nicklaus d. all of the above e. a and c

14. Internal imagery (as compared to external imagery) makes it easier for an athlete to experience which of the following senses? a. kinesthetic b. auditory c. visual d. olfactory e. none of the above

15. Triple code theory refers to what three parts of the image? a. image itself, image meaning, somatic response to the image b. image itself, image meaning, cognitive response to the image c. image itself, image timing, somatic response to the image d. image meaning, image timing, cognitive response to the image e. image consistency, image meaning, image timing

16. An athlete tries to image shooting a free throw under pressure, but the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. This is an example of a lack of a. vividness b. coordination c. controllability d. experimental control e. emotionality

17. The PETTLEP model emphasizes which of the following critical factors in imagery practice? a. learning b. emotion c. perspective d. all of the above e. a and b

18. Athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image will score high on what aspect of imagery? a. controllability b. coordination c. vividness d. motivation e. simplicity

19. Which of the following is (are) basic to a successful imagery training program? a. realistic expectations b. relaxed concentration c. image in slow motion d. all of the above e. a and b

20. Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Imagery can't help performance; only hard physical practice can. b. Imagery can make an average athlete great. c. Imagery can improve performance if it is done systematically. d. a and c e. b and c

21. An optimal time to use imagery is a. before and after practice b. before and after competition c. during breaks in the action d. all of the above e. a and b

22. Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Individuals should image only successful events. b. Individuals should image mostly unsuccessful events. c. Individuals should image mostly successful events but also learn to cope with an occasional failure. d. all of the above e. none of the above

23. In terms of the timing of imagery, it is best to image in a. real time b. slow motion c. fast motion d. a combination of slow and fast motion e. none of the above

24. Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE? a. Imagery is more effective when individuals are higher in imagery ability. b. Imagery ability is defined in terms of image vividness and controllability. c. There are no differences in imagery ability between successful and less successful performers. d. a and c e. a and b

25. Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. A combination of physical and mental practice is better than physical practice alone, given the same time frame. b. Mental practice can be employed as a substitute for physical practice if an athlete is injured. c. Mental practice should be used as a supplement to physical practice rather than as a replacement for physical practice. d. a and b e. b and c

26. Bioinformational theory states that images have two propositions called a. stimulus and appraisal propositions b. neuromuscular and cognitive propositions c. neuromuscular and stimulus propositions d. response and stimulus propositions e. response and neuromuscular propositions

27. According to researcher Pavio, what are the two primary functions of imagery? a. cognitive and somatic b. cognitive and emotional c. social and cognitive d. cognitive and motivational e. motivational and somatic

28. According to Pavio's work on the different functions of imagery, a person's imagery of staying relaxed under pressure would be an example of a. motivational-specific imagery b. motivational-general imagery c. cognitive-general imagery d. cognitive-specific imagery e. somatic-motivational imagery

29. Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. According to Mahoney and Avener's study, gymnasts who qualified for the 1976 Olympic team tended to use external imagery. b. External imagery refers to viewing yourself from the perspective of an external observer. c. External imagery produces significantly better performance than internal imagery. d. a and b e. b and c

30. Which of the following situations involving the use of imagery might result in negative consequences or outcomes? a. imagery creating too much anxiety b. imagery directing attention to irrelevant cues c. imagery that makes a performer overconfident d. all of the above e. a and b

31. In a study comparing the use of visual and kinesthetic imagery in the learning of a skill, it was found that a. kinesthetic imagery produced better performance than visual imagery b. visual imagery produced better performance than kinesthetic imagery c. neither visual nor kinesthetic imagery was better than a control condition d. a and c e. b and c

32. Psychological explanations for the effectiveness of imagery include a focus on a. building psychological skills b. enhancing motivation c. achieving optimal arousal and focus on task-relevant cues d. all of the above e. a and c

33. Exercise imagery has been shown to have several functions, including a. improving exercise technique b. helping develop routines c. enhancing self-concept d. all of the above e. a and b

34. According to research, the most effective types of imagery scripts are a. video and audio b. video and written c. written and audio d. kinesthetic and audio e. kinesthetic and written