Soc: Chapter 4 (the self and interactions)

Nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____. a. environment; biology b. biology; environment c. biology; sexuality d. sexuality; environment

Socialization a. occurs until the age of 5, when children start school. b. concludes when children complete school. c. is a lifelong process. d. does not occur as an adult.

The idea that "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" is also known as a. the Thomas theorem. b. the reality theorem. c. the looking-glass self theorem. d. situational understanding.

Which agent of socialization has the most impact in the earliest stages of a child's life? a. school b. peers c. mass media d. family

a status with which we are born

a status we earn

a status generated by physical characteristics

As people spend more time texting one another and less time in face to face interactions, _____ is becoming less frequent. a. copresence b. dual interaction c. co-interaction d. face time

_____ are socially constructed norms regarding the appropriate feelings and displays of emotions. a. Emotion rules b. Feeling rules c. Emotion folkways d. Feeling folkways

Are we the people that we are because of our genetics or our socialization? This debate asks which factor determines individual behaviors and traits - ultimately, both sides play a role in making us the people that we are

- the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group - begins in infancy and lasts throughout the lifetime - language facilitates this

If people are deprived of ______ (for example, if they are raised in isolation), they may not exhibit behaviors that are typical of human beings. These children are often referred to as feral children, because their behaviors are almost similar to those of a wild animal rather than a child

our personal identity, which is separate and different from all other people.

Sociologists believe the self is created and modified through ______ in our lives

- He is usually associated with psychoanalysis, but his theories have also helped sociologists gain a better understanding of social behavior - developed the idea of the subconscious and the unconscious mind, which he believed control most of our drives, impulses, thoughts, and behaviors

believed that one's sense of self depends on seeing oneself reflected in interactions with others

- refers to the notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us - we like getting a positive response from people, so we try to replicate our actions when the response we received was positive. We use others as a "mirror.

ex. when we style our hair and look in the "mirror," we wait for the person looking back to say, "That looks good," and then we will determine that we like our style

- expanded Cooley's ideas. - also believed that the self was created through social interaction and that this process started in childhood. - believed that the self develops through several stages, including the preparatory stage, the play stage, taking the role of the significant other, and the game stage.

- first stage: preparatory stage, wherein children mimic or imitate others - second stage: play stage, wherein children pretend to play the role of a particular or significant other. The particular or significant other demonstrates the perspectives and expectations of a particular role, which the child learns and internalizes - third stage: the game stage, wherein children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other

The ______ of language skills coincides with the growth of mental capacities, including the ability to think of ourselves as separate and distinct and to see ourselves in relationship to others

- believed that meaning is constructed through interaction - his approach was called dramaturgy, which compares social interaction to the theater, where individuals take on roles and act them out for an audience. - saw social life as a sort of game, where we work to control the impressions others have of us, a process he called impression management

- stated "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." (This is now called the Thomas theorem.)

Because we encounter ambiguous situations every day, many meanings are possible. The way we define each situation, then, becomes its _____.

the social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations where socialization occurs

family, schools, peers, the mass media

The ______ is the single most significant agent of socialization in all societies and teaches us the basic values and norms that shape our identity

- a set of behavioral traits such as punctuality, neatness, discipline, hard work, competition, and obedience - school provide education and socialize us through this that teaches many of the behaviors that will be important later in life

provide very different social skills and often become more immediately significant than the family, especially as children move through adolescence

has become an important agent of socialization, often overriding the family and other institutions in instilling values and norms

the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life ex. when we get a new job, enter or leave the military, or take on a new role (like becoming a spouse or parent)

- an institution (such as a prison, cult, or mental hospital) that cuts individuals off from the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled and regulated - a dramatic form of resocialization

a position in society that comes with a set of expectations

two types of statuses

status we are born with that is unlikely to change

status we have earned through individual effort or that is imposed by others

a status that seems to override all others and affects all other statuses that we possess ex. black in "that black man," where black came before man; "*disabled* individual," "*stupid* kid",

the behaviors expected from a particular status

occurs when the roles associated with one status clash with the roles associated with a different status ex. if you are a mother and a student, you might have class today and your child might have a soccer game at the same time. You have to choose between your two roles because they conflict with one another.

occurs when roles associated with a single status clash ex. you are a student, so you know you are supposed to study tonight. However, there is also a party tonight. Your roommates pressure you to go to the party because "that's what college students are supposed to do," so you have to choose; the single role (college student) is pulling you in two different directions

either role conflict or role strain processes can lead to this

Though we tend to believe that our emotions are highly personal and individual, there are _____ patterns in our emotional responses

refers to the process of evoking, suppressing, or managing feelings to create a public display of emotion

- when individuals are in one another's physical presence - Sociologists are interested in interactions that occur in this and the way that modern technology enables us to interact with people very far away

two types of relationships

____ theorists claim that the role of technology in interaction is one of the primary features of postmodern life - We are now exposed to many more sources that help us shape our sense of self than the generations before us were

The process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of a social group is called a. culturization. b. nature. c. socialization. d. social isolation

In the nature vs. nurture debate, nurture refers to a. the environment that you were raised in. b. the genetics that you were born with.

When does the process of socialization end? a. once a child begins to understand language b. when a child starts school c. when a person gets the first job d. when a person gets married e. never—the process lasts throughout the lifetime

Who stated, "If we define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"? a. Sigmund Freud b. Charles Cooley c. George Herbert Mead d. Karl Marx e. W. I. Thomas

A big agent of socialization for Americans is a. the family. b. schools. c. peers. d. the mass media. e. all of the above.

Given what you have learned about roles, if your boss calls and asks you to work during class time, you'll know you're experiencing a. role conflict. b. role strain