Quiz 4

1. According to the textbook, the word diet should be defined as: a. a restriction of food and beverages in an effort to lose weight. b. an increase or decrease in caloric intake to gain or lose weight. c. a pattern of eating. d. nutrition periodization.

2. The first goal of dietary planning is to establish daily _____ intake. a. carbohydrate b. protein c. fat d. energy

3. Which energy-containing compound is most readily eliminated from the diet when one is trying to lose body fat? a. Carbohydrate b. Protein c. Fat d. Alcohol

4. For an athlete trying to lose body fat, what is the minimum amount of carbohydrate that should be consumed each day? a. 4 g/kg b. 5 g/kg c. 6 g/kg d. 7 g/kg

5. For an athlete, the primary concern about the minimum amount of carbohydrate is that a. this keeps protein and fat intake from being too high, which can be harmful. b. carbohydrate is the most appetite-suppressing nutrient. c. sufficient carbohydrate is needed to resynthesize muscle glycogen. d. carbohydrate intake results in a small diuretic effect.

6. The recommended minimum amount of energy that an athlete should consume daily is: a. 20 kcal/kg of body weight. b. 25 kcal/kg of body weight. c. 30 kcal/kg of body weight. d. 35 kcal/kg of body weight.

7. What does the term "discretionary calories" mean? a. Calories needed to maintain energy balance after meeting macronutrient needs b. Calories obtained from fat and alcohol after meeting micronutrient needs c. Energy (kcal) obtained from snacks but not meals d. Energy (kcal) obtained from alcohol and sugar

8. Nutrient density is a concept that is based on the relationship between: a. protein and vitamins/minerals. b. essential and nonessential nutrients. c. nutrient and energy content. d. fat and sugar.

9. Athletes who are reducing their energy (kcal) intake in an effort to lose weight should consume nutrient-dense foods so that: a. nutrient intake will remain adequate. b. hormone levels will not be negatively affected. c. hydration status will remain unaffected. d. supplements will be better utilized by the body.

10. What does the term "empty calories" mean? a. High in calories b. Devoid of calories c. Contains artificial sweeteners d. Contains calories but lack nutrients

11. Once an energy (kcal) goal has been established, in what order should the other nutrients be considered? a. Carbohydrate, fat, protein b. Protein, carbohydrate, fat c. Protein, fat, carbohydrate d. Fat, carbohydrate, protein

12. Nutrition periodization refers to: a. the number of meals that should be eaten each day. b. the amount of "quality Calories" an athlete consumes each day. c. the process of matching nutrient intake to training. d. the timing of food and supplement intake.

13. In which mesocycle is the athlete's energy intake likely to be the lowest because the daily energy expenditure is likely to be lowest? a. Recovery b. Competition c. Pre-competition d. Intense training during the preparation period

14. Of the following, which is likely to have the least effect on improving endurance performance? a. Training b. Dietary supplements containing caffeine c. Ingesting carbohydrate when exercising over three hours d. Ingesting fluid to match fluid losses

15. What is essential fat? a. Visceral fat b. Subcutaneous and visceral fat c. Minimum body fat necessary for proper physiological functioning d. The amount of fat needed to maintain menstruation

16. Essential fat in adult males is estimated to be ~ _____% of total body weight. a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7

17. Essential fat in adult females is estimated to be ~ ____% of total body weight. a. 5 b. 8 c. 12 d. 15

18. If an individual has an "android" pattern of fat distribution, where will fat be predominantly stored? a. Abdomen b. Buttocks c. Hips d. Thighs

19. How does visceral fat stored in the abdominal area differ from fat stored in the hips and thighs? a. Visceral fat is metabolically less active. b. Visceral fat is metabolically more active. c. There is no difference in metabolic activity.

20. Based on body shape, an individual who is stocky and has a tendency to gain body fat deep in the abdomen would be classified as a(n): a. ectomorph. b. endomorph. c. mesomorph. d. tetramorph.

21. What is body mass index (BMI)? a. A measure of how much muscle mass an athlete should have b. A method of measuring body composition c. A formula that predicts the best weight for performance and health d. A number that represents a weight-to-height ratio

22. The most appropriate use of body mass index (BMI) is to determine: a. potential health risks in the general population. b. potential health risks in the athletic population. c. ideal weight for adults. d. ideal weight for athletes.

23. Which method measures body fat directly? a. Bioelectrical impedance b. Skinfold measurement c. Underwater weighing d. Chemical analysis of cadavers

24. An athlete is weighed underwater and is told that he is 13% body fat. How should he interpret this information? a. His percentage of body fat is 16% (13% storage fat + 3% essential fat). b. His percentage of body fat is between 10.3% and 15.7%. c. His percentage of body fat is not higher than 13% but it may be lower. d. His percentage of body fat is not lower than 13% but it may be higher.

25. Body composition determination by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is based upon the: a. amount of electrical current that flows through body tissues such as fat and muscle. b. amount of light absorbed and reflected by body tissues such as fat and muscle. c. density of the body. d. volume of the body.

26. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) determines which of the following body composition components that cannot be determined by other commonly used methods? a. Fat mass b. Fat-free mass c. Bone density

27. Distance runner a. Advantageous b. Disadvantageous

28. Football lineman a. Advantageous b. Disadvantageous

29. Sumo wrestler a. Advantageous b. Disadvantageous

30. High jumper a. Advantageous b. Disadvantageous

31. Ski jumper a. Advantageous b. Disadvantageous

32. Gymnast a. Advantageous b. Disadvantageous

33. Ice hockey player a. Advantageous b. Disadvantageous

34. In which sport does body composition play a relatively minor role in the performance of elite athletes? a. Cross country running b. Gymnastics c. Basketball d. Golf

35. In which team sport do elite athletes exhibit a wide range of body composition? a. Ice hockey b. Soccer c. Football d. Basketball

36. Measuring weight on a daily basis is most useful to athletes who are trying to: a. lose body fat. b. increase muscle mass. c. change overall body composition. d. monitor hydration status.

37. Weight cycling is defined as: a. large and rapid weight loss. b. repeated weight loss and gain. c. weight fluctuations due to fluid loss or gain. d. the inability to maintain a low body weight.

38. The best description of "normal" eating is: a. unplanned. b. systematic. c. flexible. d. ritualistic.

39. How do the terms eating disorder and disordered eating compare? a. These are interchangeable terms. b. Disordered eating is a precise term while eating disorder is a general term. c. An eating disorder has specified criteria but disordered eating is not well defined. d. Disordered eating has specified criteria but an eating disorder does not.

40. Why are eating disorders classified as psychiatric diseases? a. The fundamental causes involve issues such as body image and control. b. Eating disorders are caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain. c. Eating disorders have few physiological effects. d. Health insurance reimbursement is higher for psychiatric diseases.

41. Intense fear of gaining weight a. Anorexia nervosa, restricting type b. Bulimia nervosa c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

42. Concern about body shape or weight a. Anorexia nervosa, restricting type b. Bulimia nervosa c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

43. Lack of control over eating during a binge a. Anorexia nervosa, restricting type b. Bulimia nervosa c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

44. Goal of losing 5 pounds then maintaining weight a. Anorexia nervosa, restricting type b. Bulimia nervosa c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

45. Amenorrhea a. Anorexia nervosa, restricting type b. Bulimia nervosa c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

46. An individual demonstrates some signs of both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa but does not fully meet the criteria for either. How would this condition be characterized? a. Anorexia nervosa, purging type b. Binge eating disorder c. Eating disorder not otherwise specified d. "Normal" eating

47. Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with anorexia athletica? a. Voluntary excessive exercise b. Weight cycling c. Losing body fat to improve performance d. Lifelong struggle with abnormal eating patterns

48. Amenorrhea is associated with: a. anorexia nervosa. b. bulimia nervosa. c. prolonged anorexia athletica. d. a and c e. all of the above

49. Reasons that explain why some wrestlers who restrict food and purge to "make weight" would not be considered to have an eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) include which of the following. a. They only behave this way during wrestling season. b. They do not base their self-esteem on weight. c. They fall within the normal range on tests of eating attitudes. d. a and b e. All of the above

50. If the presence of an eating disorder is suspected, which is the most appropriate course of action for a coach to take? a. Give the athlete time to resolve the issue before taking any action. b. Ask an assistant coach or athletic trainer to talk directly to the athlete. c. Meet with the athlete and casually discuss his or her food intake. d. Immediately refer the athlete to a trained professional for further evaluation.

51. Which condition listed below is the most prevalent in athletes? a. Anorexia nervosa b. Bulimia nervosa c. Disordered eating d. All of the above have approximately the same prevalence

52. Which of the following is true regarding male athletes and eating disorders? a. Eating disorders have only been documented in female athletes. b. Eating disorders have been documented in males but only in wrestlers and bodybuilders. c. Eating disorders in male athletes have been reported but the prevalence is low. d. The prevalence of eating disorders in male athletes is approaching that of female athletes.

53. Which of the following best describes the condition known as muscle dysmorphia? a. Excessive protein synthesis in skeletal muscles b. Severe psychological distress if not able to exercise c. Lack of increase in muscle mass despite appropriate eating and exercise d. Preoccupation and dissatisfaction with muscle size

54. Muscle mass a. Likely to decline b. Likely to increase c. Not likely to be affected

55. Bone density a. Likely to decline b. Likely to increase c. Not likely to be affected

56. Metabolic rate a. Likely to decline b. Likely to increase c. Not likely to be affected

57. Long-term performance a. Likely to decline b. Likely to increase c. Not likely to be affected

58. Need for treatment a. Likely to decline b. Likely to increase c. Not likely to be affected

59. Accurate body image a. Characteristic of an athlete with disordered eating b. Characteristic of an athlete with normal eating pattern c. Shared characteristic

60. Strictly controls energy (calorie) intake a. Characteristic of an athlete with disordered eating b. Characteristic of an athlete with normal eating pattern c. Shared characteristic

61. High level of physical training a. Characteristic of an athlete with disordered eating b. Characteristic of an athlete with normal eating pattern c. Shared characteristic

62. Ritualized diet a. Characteristic of an athlete with disordered eating b. Characteristic of an athlete with normal eating pattern c. Shared characteristic

63. Includes healthy foods in the diet a. Characteristic of an athlete with disordered eating b. Characteristic of an athlete with normal eating pattern c. Shared characteristic

64. Maintenance of muscle mass a. Characteristic of an athlete with disordered eating b. Characteristic of an athlete with normal eating pattern c. Shared characteristic

65. Improvement of performance over the season a. Characteristic of an athlete with disordered eating b. Characteristic of an athlete with normal eating pattern c. Shared characteristic

66. Flexible diet plan a. Characteristic of an athlete with disordered eating b. Characteristic of an athlete with normal eating pattern c. Shared characteristic

67. Purposeful overtraining a. Characteristic of an athlete with disordered eating b. Characteristic of an athlete with normal eating pattern c. Shared characteristic

68. What are the three distinct but interrelated factors associated with the Female Athlete Triad? a. Health, fitness, and longevity b. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia athletica c. Appearance, performance, and optimal body weight d. Energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density

69. Which is the most recognizable symptom of the Female Athlete Triad? a. Disordered eating b. Amenorrhea c. Osteoporosis

70. Low energy availability is defined as a(n): a. energy expenditure routinely exceeds energy intake. b. low energy intake caused by an eating disorder. c. hormonal disruption that results in the delayed uptake of glucose. d. reduced metabolic rate due to self-imposed starvation.

71. Amenorrhea is defined as an: a. abnormally high concentration of estrogen-related hormones. b. absence or suppression of menstruation. c. excess production of testosterone in females. d. absence of normal testosterone production in males.

72. Osteopenia is defined as a low: a. bone mineral density. b. bone mineral density with changes in bone microarchitecture. c. calcium intake in the presence of amenorrhea. d. calcium intake over several decades.

73. What effect does amenorrhea in athletes have on stress fractures? a. Prevalence of stress fractures is higher in those with amenorrhea. b. Prevalence of stress fractures is lower in those with amenorrhea. c. It has no effect on stress fractures.

74. Studies conducted in amenorrheic distance runners suggest that: a. long-duration, weight-bearing exercise compensates for the loss of bone mineral density associated with amenorrhea. b. bone mineral density declines in the first six months and then stabilizes due to long-duration, weight-bearing exercise. c. osteopenia and osteoporosis do occur despite long-duration, weight-bearing exercise. d. loss of bone mineral density is primarily a result of very low calcium intake, not exercise.

Golf, baseball

Wrestling, boxing, bodybuilding

Sprint running, jumping, sprinting, swimming

Soccer, basketball, lacrosse

Marathon running, triathlon

The additional calories on top of the amount of calories needed to maintain energy balance after carbohydrate, protein and fat recommendations have been met are called: a. additional calories b. supplemental calories c. auxiliary calories d. discretionary calories

Which of the following with regards to popular diet is correct: a. Atkins - low saturated fat, high in mono and polyunsaturated fat b. Mediterranean - no dairy, grains or legumes c. Zone - even distribution of proteins and fats d. Paleo - lots of grains and legumes, low protein

Which of the following diets is the worst for athletes? a. Atkins diet b. Mediterranean diet c. Paleo diet d. Zone diet

If lean body mass gain is a goal, an athlete should do which of the following? a. Increase foods high in fat, such as margarine and red meats b. Increase portion sizes of meals and eat more healthy snacks daily c. Increase foods such as olives, nut butters, and avocadoes d. Transition to consuming 90% of calories after workouts and before bed e. Transition to eating more meals daily

T/F: Vitamin and mineral supplementation is not necessary unless your diet is deficient, but additional supplements beyond diet will improve performance

T/F - Ectomorph is defined by a body shape that is muscular with little excess body fat. Lean body mass is easily gained in individual with this body shape

A stocky individual with wide hips and easily gains body fat has a body shape called: a. endomorph b. ectomorph c. extramorph d. mesomorph

A three-compartment model of body composition does not take into account which of the following? a. Fat mass b. Bone mass c. Fat free mass d. Total body water

Which of the following methods of weight and body composition assessment is the most accurate for athletes? a. plethysmography b. hydrodensitometry or hydrostatic weighing c. skinfold measurements d. bioelectrical impedance analysis e. Near-infrared interactance (NIR) f. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

T/F: BMI is an assessment tool for the general population and may not be appropriate to use with trained athletes

Which of the following are considered risky body fat rating for males and females? a. <5%; <5% b. <20%, <30% c. <10%, <40% d. <3%, <12% e. <5%, <15%

Which option(s) should be chosen if the goal is body fat loss: a. Reduce or eliminate discretionary calories b. Mild to moderate decrease in dietary fat intake c. Increase energy expenditure d. Not to reduce daily caloric intake below 30 kcal/kg e. All of the above

1. All the following are nutrient dense foods except: a. Most fruits and vegetables b. Whole grain, beans, and legumes c. Nuts and seeds d. Alcohol

What would be the target body weight for a 200 pound athlete (16% BF) who desired a body fat % of 10%? a. 169 pounds b. 176 pounds c. 187 pounds d. 193 pounds

1Same 200 pound athlete (16% BF now, desires 10%) wants to gain 10 pounds of muscle mass. What is the athlete's target body weight? a. 169 pounds b. 178 pounds c. 187 pounds d. 198 pounds

What is the best way to decrease body fat? a. Decrease kcal intake b. Eliminate fat intake c. Reduce water intake d. Increase energy expenditure e. A & D f. A, B & D g. All of the above

Because low carbohydrate intake affects muscle glycogen resynthesis, and low protein intake affects lean body mass, it is recommended that athletes do not restrict daily energy intake to less than? a. 20 kcal/kg body weight b. 25 kcal/kg body weight c. 30 kcal/kg body weight d. 35 kcal/kg body weight

In order to help an athlete engaged in lightweight sports "make weight", a sports nutritionist would advise him/her to? a. Semi-starve (especially carbohydrates) to create energy deficit b. Exercise at a higher intensity and/or longer duration than usual to burn off extra calories c. Limit the amount of water consumed d. Increase energy expenditure via exercise and create moderate caloric deficit by reducing food intake

If our 200 pound athlete (16% BF) wants to get down to the lowest possible healthy competition fat mass of 8%, what is his minimum body weight? a. 169 b. 178 c. 183 d. 190

T/F - Eating disorders are only prevalent in females.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the female athlete triad? a. Disordered eating b. Steatorrhea/ excess fat in feces c. Amenorrhea/ menstrual dysfunction d. Osteoporosis/ bone loss

The condition in which an athlete is preoccupied with gaining muscle mass is called? a. Androgenic syndrome b. Ectomorph disorder c. Bulimia nervosa d. Adonis complex

Examples of disordered eating behaviors include all of the following except: a. A patient diagnosed with bulimia nervosa b. Overemphasizing food and weight c. Establishing a rigid eating pattern d. Overly restraining intake of certain foods e. Inability to stop eating when full

The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa include (choose all that apply): a. Amenorrhea b. Refusal to maintain a minimum body weight c. Intense fear of weight gain d. Distortion of body image

Health risks of Bulimia Nervosa Include all of the following except: a. Erosion of teeth and tooth decay b. Inflammation of salivary glands c. Sore throat and inflammation of the esophagus d. Broken blood vessels in the eyes e. Frequent hallucinations f. Weight gain

Factors that may contribute to the development of an eating disorder: a. Sociocultural values b. Family environment c. Genetic factors d. All of the above

T/F Approximately 13 million people in the US are suffering from eating disorder and 90% of them are females between 15 to 35 years old

All the following statements except___ are the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa: a. Intense fear of weight gain b. Distortion of body image c. Maintaining a minimum body weight d. No menstrual period for at least 3 consecutive months

What is the most recommended eating strategy to maintaining energy balance? a. consume small but frequent meals b. consume meals high in protein and low in carbohydrate c. consume meals low in fat and high in carbohydrate d. not eat anything until after training e. consume more food at night to fuel body needs for the next day