Anatomy Chapter 6 Practice Test

which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A) Body support B) calcium homeostasis C) protection of internal organs D) blood cell production E) temperature regulation

which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? A) tendons B) bones C) ligaments D) cartilages

the most abundant mineral in the human body is? A) sodium B) potassium C) phosphorus D) calcium E) hydrogen

which of the following is NOT true of the skeletal system? A) it interacts with the muscular system to provide movement. B) it interacts with the lymphatic system to regulate calcium levels. C) it interacts with the nervous system by providing protection to the spinal cord. D) it interacts with the cardiovascular system by providing blood cells. E) it interacts with the digestive system by absorbing more calcium when needed.

what part of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape? A) patella B) frontal C) vertebra D) metatarsal E) ulna

that carpal bones are examples of ......... bones. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

A rib is an example of a .......... bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) sutural E) sesamoid

Bones that develop within tendons are called..... bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) wormian E) tendon

Small, oddly shaped bones that dill gaps between bones of the skull are called ........ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) tendon

The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the A) ramus B) trochanter C) tuberosity D) tubercle E) condyle

A rounded hole through a bone is termed a A) ramus B) foramen C) linea D) tubercle E) facet

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a A) crest B) ridge C) spine D) condyle E) trochlea

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a A) fossa B) sulcus C) facet D) fissure E) line

the humerus is an example of a(n) ............. bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

a......... is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley. A) tuberosity B) fossa C) trochanter D) trochlea E) meatus

A small rough bump on a bone where a tendon attached is called a A) tuberosity B) ramus C) condyle D) diaphysis E) process

A projection at an angle on a bone is termed a A) trochlea B) canal C) condyle D) crest E) ramus

a chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a A) meatus B) fissure C) sinus D) sulcus E) facet

the expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is serrated form the shaft by a narrower neck is termed a A) facet B) diaphysis C) head D) tubercle E) condyle

a.... is a rounded passageways for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves A) line B) fissure C)ramus D) process E) foramen

The medullary cavity of the bones contain A) compact bone B) osteons. C) cartilage D) marrow E) periosteum

25) The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the A) diaphysis. B) epiphysis. C) osseophysis. D) metaphysis. E) medullary cavity.

27) The articular cartilage of a typical long bone covers portions of what part of the bone? A) metaphysis B) diaphysis C) epiphysis D) nutrient foramen E) medullary cavity

28) Fat is stored within the A) medullary cavity. B) metaphysis. C) spongy bone. D) epiphysis. E) diaphysis.

29) ________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. A) Yellow bone marrow B) Articular cartilage C) Red bone marrow D) Spongy bone E) The medullary cavity

30) The opening in the diaphysis through which blood vessels provide oxygen to osteons is named the ________ foramen. A) metaphyseal B) medullary C) epiphyseal D) nutrient E) articular

31) Which of the following best matches osteocyte? A) stem cell B) dissolves matrix C) mature bone cell D) secretes organic matrix E) produce blood cells

32) Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitor cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) chondrocytes.

33) ________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts. A) Osteoclasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteomedullary cells D) Osteogenic cells E) Squamous osteons

34) Through the action of osteoclasts, A) new bone is formed. B) an organic framework is formed. C) bony matrix is dissolved. D) osteoid is calcified. E) fractured bones regenerate.

35) Which of the following is not present in bone? A) calcium phosphate B) collagen fibers C) calcium carbonate D) chondroitin sulfate E) hydroxyapatite

36) The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a A) Volkmannʹs canal. B) lacuna. C) trabecula. D) Haversian canal. E) Venetian canal.

37) ________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone. A) Water B) Calcium carbonate C) Collagen fibers D) Fluoride E) Calcium phosphate

38) Bone is composed of ________ percent cells. A) 25 B) 10 C) 2 D) 15 E) 50

39) The lacunae of osseous tissue contain A) blood cells. B) osteocytes. C) chondroblasts. D) bone marrow. E) capillaries.

40) The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A) central canals. B) lacunae. C) canaliculi. D) medullary cavities. E) foramina.

41) The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering. A) collagen-fiber B) protein-crystal C) mineral-crystal D) protein-protein E) hydroxyapatite-crystal

42) The most abundant cell type in bone is A) osteoclasts. B) osteoblasts. C) osteolytes. D) osteogenic cells. E) osteocytes.

43) How would denaturing collagen from the bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? A) The bone would be less flexible. B) The bone would be stronger. C) The bone would be more brittle. D) The bone would be more flexible. E) The bone would be less compressible.

44) ________ cells, which differentiate into osteoblasts, are located in the endosteum and inner cellular layer of the periosteum. A) Osteocyte B) Osteoclast C) Osteoid D) Osteogenic E) Osteoblast

45) ________ is the organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone. A) Collagen B) Hydroxyapatite C) Lamella D) Osteocyte E) Osteoid

46) In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of A) calcium carbonate. B) hydroxyapatite. C) calcium apatite. D) carbonite. E) osteocyte.

47) Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are important in A) osteogenesis. B) bone resorption. C) releasing hydrochloric acid. D) derived from macrophages. E) releasing hydroxyapatite

48) ________ are stronger than steel when stretched. A) Lamellae B) Collagen fibers C) Mesenchymal cells D) Hydroxyapatite cells E) Lacunae

49) ________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels. A) Osteoblasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteogenic cells D) Osteoclasts

50) The central canal of an osteon contains A) bone marrow. B) osteocytes. C) concentric lamellae. D) blood vessels. E) lacunae.

51) The interconnecting struts and plates found in spongy bone are called A) osteons. B) trabeculae. C) concentric lamellae. D) interstitial lamellae. E) lacunae.

52) The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone. A) spongy B) trabeculae C) compact D) lamellar E) irregular

53) The structural units of mature compact bone are called A) lacunae. B) osteocytes. C) osteons. D) canaliculi. E) lamellae.

54) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of compact bone? A) The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. B) The matrix of the bone contains osteocytes. C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients. D) It is the site of hematopoiesis. E) It contains osteons.

55) In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are A) radial. B) anterior. C) parallel. D) proximal. E) diagonal

56) The femur can withstand ________ times the bodyʹs weight without breaking. A) 3 B) 5 to 10 C) 8 D) 10 to 15 E) 30

57) ________ bone does not contain capillaries, but receives nutrients through its canaliculi. A) Lamellar B) Osteonic C) Woven D) Compact E) Spongy

58) ________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles. A) Short B) Irregular C) Spongy D) Compact E) Long

59) In compact bone, the osteons are A) arranged in concentric lamellae. B) lined up perpendicular to the long axis. C) arranged in an irregular pattern. D) separated by medullary spaces. E) lacking in the diaphysis.

60) The trabeculae of spongy bone A) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone. B) are organized along stress lines. C) are composed mostly of cartilage. D) will collapse under stress. E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis

66) Osteocytes are embedded in a dense matrix of hydroxyapatite. Which of the following describes how osteocytes receive nutrients? A) by osmosis from neighboring osteocytes. B) by diffusion from neighboring osteoblasts cells traveling through lamellae. C) by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through canaliculi. D) by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through perforating canals. E) by diffusion directly from nutrients stored in the periosteum.

68) In appositional growth, successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone? A) osteons B) perforating fibers C) osteoclastic crypts D) circumferential lamellae E) None of the answers is correct

69) During appositional growth, A) bones grow longer. B) bones grow wider. C) bone is replaced by cartilage. D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. E) osteoblasts are overwhelmed by osteocytes

70) The lining of the medullary cavity is called the A) endosteum. B) periosteum. C) epimysium. D) perimysium. E) perichondrium.

71) During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone. A) osteolysis B) ossification C) appositional growth D) deposition E) perforation

72) Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the A) osteoblasts. B) osteocytes. C) osteoid. D) osteogenic cells. E) osteoclasts.

73) What structure allows a bone to grow in length? A) lacunae B) epiphyseal cartilages C) periosteal bud D) metaphysis E) trabeculae

74) Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) A) fibrous connective-tissue model. B) cartilage model. C) membranous model. D) calcified model. E) osteoblasts model.

75) Secondary ossification centers occur in A) the diaphysis. B) the periosteum. C) the epiphyses. D) the metaphyses. E) dermal bones.

76) When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A) puberty begins. B) interstitial bone growth begins. C) appositional bone growth begins. D) long bones have reached their adult length. E) the bone becomes more brittle

77) When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A) grow longer. B) grow wider. C) become shorter. D) become more porous and weaker. E) become thicker.

78) When estrogen is increased in females at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness. E) are hardly affected

85) When testosterone is increased in males at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly E) are hardly affected.

86) Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? A) roof of the skull B) carpal bones C) femur D) clavicle E) both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

87) Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells. A) osteoclast B) osteoprogenitor C) mesenchymal D) osteoblast E) osteocyte

88) The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events? A) 4, 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 4,2,1,3 D) 2, 3, 1, 4

89) Which of the following statements about Marfanʹs syndrome is false? A) It results in short, stubby fingers. B) It results from a mutation. C) It affects connective tissue genes. D) It affects epiphyseal cartilages. E) None of the answers is correct.

90) Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) rickets. D) gigantism. E) dwarfism.

216 Test Bank for Visual Anatomy and Physiology, 3e 91) Excessive growth hormone after puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) acromegaly. D) gigantism. E) dwarfism.

93) The hormone calcitonin A) stimulates osteoclast activity. B) decreases the rate of calcium excretion. C) decreases the rate of calcium absorption. D) decreases the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) stimulates osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclasts.

94) Which of the following is true for parathyroid hormone? A) stimulates osteoblast activity. B) decreases the rate of calcium absorption. C) increase the rate of calcium excretion. D) lowers the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) inhibits calcitonin secretion.

95) Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A) calcitonin. B) thyroid hormone. C) parathyroid hormone. D) growth hormone. E) testosterone.

96) Which is greater? A) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is present B) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent

97) Which is greater? A) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased B) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is decreased

98) The intestinal response to PTH secretion when calcium ion levels are low is that calcium is A) released. B) excreted. C) conserved. D) absorbed quickly. E) absorbed slowly.

101) A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture. A) compression B) Pottʹs C) displaced D) greenstick E) Colles

103) Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a A) sprain. B) fracture. C) hematoma. D) callus. E) displacement

106) A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a(n) ________ fracture. A) compression B) comminuted C) articulated D) spiral E) transverse

107) In a ________ fracture, one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent. A) compression B) comminuted C) Pottʹs D) greenstick E) Colles

109) A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture. A) Colles B) Pottʹs C) simple D) greenstick E) transverse

110) The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a ________ fracture. A) transverse B) spiral C) compression D) compound E) Pottʹs

111) A ________ fracture produces shattered bone fragments. A) comminuted B) compression C) greenstick D) transverse E) displaced

112) Describe the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton. (Module 6.1A) A) The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull. The appendicular skeleton consists of the remaining bones of the skeleton. B) The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull and vertebral column. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the thorax, limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle. C) The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle. D) The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, and pectoral girdle. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, and pelvic girdle. E) The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, pectoral and pelvic girdles. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs.

115) Describe the function of the medullary cavity. (Module 6.3B) A) The medullary cavity contains compact bone lamella oriented for strength. B) The medullary cavity contains spongy bone oriented along lines of stress. C) The medullary cavity is a fibrous membrane containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerves. D) The medullary cavity contains cartilage that allows long bones to get longer. E) The medullary cavity contains the red bone marrow and the yellow bone marrow.

6) Where is articular cartilage found, and how is it nourished? (Module 6.3C) A) Articular cartilage is found in the medullary cavity and is nourished by the nutrient artery. B) Articular cartilage is found down the length of the diaphysis and is nourished by the nutrient artery. C) Articular cartilage is found at both metaphyses and is nourished by the metaphyseal artery. D) Articular cartilage is found covering both epiphyseal portions of articulating bone and nutrients diffuse from synovial fluid within the joint. E) Articular cartilage is found in the medullary cavity and is nourished by the rich vascular red bone marrow.

117) Describe the functions of osteogenic cells and osteoblasts. (Module 6.4A) A) Osteogenic cells are stem cells that form osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix. B) Osteogenic cells are immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix. Osteoblasts are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix. C) Osteogenic cells are stem cells that form osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are cells that remove bone matrix. D) Osteogenic cells are cells that remove bone matrix. Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix. E) Osteogenic cells are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix. Osteoblasts are cells that remove the bone matrix.

118) Describe the functions of osteocytes. (Module 6.4B) A) Osteocytes are stem cells that form osteoblasts. B) Osteocytes are immature bone cells that secrete the organic components of bone matrix. C) Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix. D) Osteocytes are cells that remove the bone matrix. E) Osteocytes are cells that form cartilage.

119) How would the compressive strength of a bone be affected if the ratio of collagen to hydroxyapatite increased? (Module 6.4C) A) The compressive strength would decrease and the bone would become more flexible. B) The compressive strength would decrease and the bone would become less flexible. C) The compressive strength would increase and the bone would become more flexible. D) The compressive strength would increase and the bone would become less flexible. E) The compressive strength would not change but the bone would become more flexible.

120) If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity in a bone, how will bone mass be affected? (Module 6.4D) A) The bone mineral content will increase and thus bone mass will increase. B) The bone mineral content will increase and thus bone mass will decrease. C) The bone mineral content will decrease and thus bone mass will decrease. D) The bone mineral content will decrease and thus bone mass will increase. E) The bone mineral content will decrease but bone mass will not change.

121) Define osteon. (Module 6.5A) A) An osteon is the functional unit of spongy bone. B) An osteon is the functional unit of compact bone. C) An osteon is the structural unit of spongy bone. D) An osteon is functional unit of trabecular bone. E) An osteon is the nest that an osteocyte occupies.

122) A sample of bone has lamellae that are not arranged in osteons. Is the sample more likely from the epiphysis or from the diaphysis? (Module 6.5C) A) epiphysis B) diaphysis

123) Define appositional growth. (Module 6.6A) A) Appositional growth is a decrease in bone diameter due to the addition of bone matrix at the endosteum of the medullary cavity. B) Appositional growth is a decrease in bone diameter due to the pulling of the epiphyses by muscles during physical activity. C) Appositional growth is an increase in bone diameter due to the pulling of the epiphyses by muscles during physical activity. D) Appositional growth is a decrease in bone diameter due to the addition of bone matrix at the boneʹs outer surface. E) Appositional growth is an increase in bone diameter due to the addition of bone matrix at the boneʹs outer surface.

124) As a bone increases in diameter, what happens to the medullary cavity? (Module 6.6B) A) The medullary cavity increases in diameter because bone matrix is removed by osteoblasts. B) The medullary cavity increases in diameter because bone matrix is removed by osteoclasts. C) The medullary cavity decreases in diameter because bone matrix is added by osteoclasts. D) The medullary cavity decreases in diameter because bone matrix is added by osteoblasts. E) The medullary cavity diameter does not change but fills in with more bone marrow.

125) Define endochondral ossification. (Module 6.7A) A) Endochondral ossification is the formation of hyaline cartilage. B) Endochondral ossification is the formation of elastic cartilage. C) Endochondral ossification is the formation of fibrocartilage. D) Endochondral ossification is the replacement of a cartilage model with bone. E) Endochondral ossification is bone formation within connective tissue without the prior development of a cartilage model.

126) In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts? (Module 6.7B) A) The hyaline chondrocytes become osteoblasts. B) The differentiation of cells in the inner layer of the perichondrium. C) The differentiation of cells in the endochondrium. D) The differentiation of cells in the synovial cavity. E) The fibroblasts become osteoblasts.

127) Define intramembranous ossification. (Module 6.8A) A) Intramembranous ossification is the formation of hyaline cartilage from mesenchymal cells. B) Intramembranous ossification is the formation of elastic cartilage from mesenchymal cells. C) Intramembranous ossification is the formation of fibrocartilage from mesenchymal cells. D) Intramembranous ossification is the replacement of a cartilage model with bone. E) Intramembranous ossification is bone formation within connective tissue without the prior development of a cartilage model.

128) During intramembranous ossification, bone replaces which type of tissue? (Module 6.8B) A) hyaline cartilage B) elastic cartilage C) fibrocartilage D) embryonic, or fibrous connective tissue E) skeletal muscle

29) Explain the primary difference between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. (Module 6.8C) A) The primary difference is that in endochondral ossification, bone develops from a cartilage model, whereas in intramembranous ossification, bone develops from mesenchymal cells. B) The primary difference is that in endochondral ossification, bone develops from mesenchymal cells, whereas in intramembranous ossification, bone develops from a cartilage model. C) The primary difference is that in endochondral ossification, bone develops fast, whereas in intramembranous ossification, bone develops slowly. D) The primary difference is that in endochondral ossification, bone develops slowly, whereas in intramembranous ossification, bone develops fast. E) The primary difference is that endochondral ossification is embryonic bone development, whereas intramembranous ossification is post-natal bone growth.

130) Why is pituitary growth failure less common today in the United States? (Module 6.9A) A) Because children have smaller pituitary glands which function more effectively at producing growth hormone. B) Because children have larger pituitary glands which function more effectively at producing growth hormone. C) Because children have better diets and are more nourished allowing greater growth hormone production. D) Because children can be treated with synthetic human growth hormone if they are deficient. E) Because children can receive a pituitary gland transplant if they are deficient in growth hormone.

131) Compare gigantism with acromegaly. (Module 6.9C) A) Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty, whereas acromegaly results from an overproduction of growth hormone after puberty. B) Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone after puberty, whereas acromegaly results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty. C) Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone during fetal bone development, whereas acromegaly results from an overproduction of growth hormone during childhood but before puberty. D) Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty, whereas acromegaly results from an underproduction of growth hormone before puberty. E) Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty, whereas acromegaly results from an underproduction of growth hormone after puberty.

132) What is the ratio of organic compounds to inorganic components in the composition of bone? (Module 6.10A) A) Organic compounds make up 25%; inorganic components make up 75%. B) Organic compounds make up 75%; inorganic components make up 25%. C) Organic compounds make up 33%; inorganic components make up 67%. D) Organic compounds make up 67%; inorganic components make up 33% . E) Organic compounds make up 18%; inorganic components make up 82%.

133) Which three organ systems coordinate to maintain normal blood calcium level? (Module 6.10B) A) skeletal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system B) cardiovascular system, respiratory system, lymphatic system C) skeletal system, muscular system, integumentary system D) skeletal system, digestive system, urinary system E) cardiovascular system, urinary system, respiratory system

134) Identify the hormone that stimulates the release of calcium ions from bone matrix. Explain its mechanism of action. (Module 6.11A) A) parathyroid hormone; increases osteoblast break down of bone matrix B) parathyroid hormone; increases osteoclast break down of bone matrix C) calcitonin; increases osteoblast break down of bone matrix D) calcitonin; increases osteoclast break down of bone matrix E) cholecalciferol; increases osteoblast break down of bone maTrick

135) How does calcitonin act to lower blood calcium? A) Increases osteoblast break down of bone matrix, increases calcitriol production, increases intestinal absorption, and decreases renal excretion B) Increases osteoclast break down of bone matrix, decreases calcitriol production, increases intestinal absorption, and decreases renal excretion C) Decreases osteoblast break down of bone matrix, increases calcitriol production, increases intestinal absorption, and decreases renal excretion D) Decreases osteoclast break down of bone matrix, decreases calcitriol production, decreases intestinal absorption, and increases renal excretion E) Increases endochondral ossification

136) List the steps involved in fracture repair, beginning just after the fracture occurs. (Module 6.12A) A) compact bone formation, spongy bone formation, callus formation, fracture hematoma formation B) fracture hematoma formation, spongy bone formation, callus formation, compact bone formation C) callus formation, fracture hematoma formation, compact bone formation, spongy bone formation D) callus formation, spongy bone formation, fracture hematoma formation, compact bone formation E) fracture hematoma formation, callus formation, spongy bone formation, compact bone formation

137) Define open fracture and closed fracture. (Module 6.12B) A) An open fracture is one where the bone pierces the skin; a closed fracture is one where no bone pierces the skin. B) An open fracture is one where no bone pierces the skin; a closed fracture is one where bone pierces the skin. C) An open fracture is one where the bone remains in alignment; a closed fracture is one where the bone is no longer in alignment. D) An open fracture is one where the bone is no longer in alignment; a closed fracture is one where the bone remains in alignment. E) An open fracture is one where the break is along the long axis of the bone; a closed fracture is one where the break is not along the long axis of the bone.