Perception example #9212

Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

1. Our perceptions are fallible 2. When our perceptions are wrong we usually don't know it 3. Perceptions form the basis of attributions, decisions, and actions.

1. The Five Senses receive Stimuli 2. The Senses Processes the Stimuli through various phases. 3. Attention Phase 4. Organization Phase 5. Interpretation Phase 6. Judgment Phase, leads either of the following 7. Back to the Attention Phases 8. Produces more Stimuli 9. Make Decisions and Behaviors

Explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior. It suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally (person caused it himself) or externally (someone/something else caused it) caused.

1. Distinctiveness 2. Consensus 3. Consistency

Does the individual display different behavior in different situations. Is he always late to meetings?

Everyone faced with the same situation responds the same way. Is everyone always late to meetings?

Does the person respond the same way over time? Is this person late all the time or is this an isolated incident?

1. High Distinctiveness 2. Low Consistency 3. High Consensus

1. Low Distinctiveness 2. High Consistency 3. Low Consensus

If the person in a meeting situation is consistently late while all other individuals are not this is an internally caused behavior

1. Attention Stage - Increase Frequency - Random Sample - Unobtrusive - Contradictions 2. Organization Stage - Elaborate Scripts - Elaborate Prototypes 3. Interpretation Stage - Self Acceptance - Reality Testing 4. Judgment Stage - Project Development - Expert Systems (AI to simulate human decision making)

1. Fundamental Attribution Error 2. Halo Effect 3. Contrast Effect 4. First Impression Error 5. Selective Perception 6. Self-Serving Attribution

When we make judgments about the behavior of other people, we tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors.a. Sales Manager might think his sales team is lazy and overlook the innovative product being offered by a competitor

Drawing general impressions about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance. Our general views contaminate our specific ones. People tend to let a single trait influence their overall impression of the person they are judging.

People distort perception because we don't evaluate people in isolation. Our reaction is influenced by other people we have recently encountered.

The tendency to form lasting opinions about an individual based on initial perceptions

Any characteristic that makes a person; an object, or an event stand out will increase the probability we will perceive it. Our brains can't assimilate everything we see, we can only take in so much stimuli. Managers looking at a company-wide problem will see the problem from the area of their expertise (finance, accounting ,engineering, operations) a. During the financial meltdown analyst were giving less sell ratings for stocks than usual because they were basing their judgment on an incorrect historical reference point.

The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors.

Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs.

1. Consider Internal and External Causes 2. Examine and Confront Stereotypes 3. Be Objective and Scientific 4. Recognize the Common Errors 5. Avoid Rash Judgments

1. Applicant Appearance 2. Nonverbal Cues 3. Negative Information 4. Primary Effects 5. Similarity Effects 6. Poor Recall

Minimizes cognitive work in thinking about others, however leads to premature judgments about people.